Organismal Biology

Front 1

What is the general name given to an organism that transmits a disease or parasite from one organism to another?

Back 1

vector

Front 2

Malaria: What is the name of the organism that causes malaria?

Back 2

plasmodium

Front 3

For the causative agent of malaria (answer above), provide taxonomic information for the following:
domain
supergroup
phylum

Back 3

d: eukarya
S: alveolata
P: apicomplexa

Front 4

What is the name of the organism that transmits malaria from one organism to another?

Back 4

mosquito

Front 5

For the organism transmitting malaria (answer above), provide taxonomic information for the following:
Domain
Supergroup
Kingdom
Phylum
Class

Back 5

D: eukarya
S: opistochonta
K: animalia
P: arthropoda
C: insecta

Front 6

In the space below, outline the life cycle of the malaria parasite.

Back 6

mosquito feeds on human
sporozoites in bloodstream
enter liver cells
repeated mitosis (asexual reproduction)
plasmodium leave liver cells
either go to liver cells and repeat mitosis, OR go to erythrocytes
go through asexual reproduction as merozoites which go back to liver cells AND continue to gamete development
mosquito eats infected erythrocytes
gamints in mosquito gut
fertilization
zygote
cyst in gut wall
meiosis
mitosis
cells in mosquito salivary gland (sporozoites)

Front 7

Blood is a connective tissue and one of the functions of connective tissue is protection. What are two of the ways blood is prepared to protect us from invaders?

Back 7

Phagocytosis of white blood cells attacking invaders, and immune system producing antibodies

Front 8

As you (no doubt) noted above, the causative agent of malaria is present in the blood of the host. Why do the protective functions of blood fail to destroy the malaria parasite?

Back 8

Because the parasite changes its protein signature, and it hides in the liver and in red blood cells

Front 9

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Back 9

prokaryotic: no nucleus, unicellular, bacteria and archaea, no mitochondria
eukaryotic: nucleus, multicellular, animals and plants

Front 10

Dr. L. Margulis proposed an interesting hypothesis for the origin of the eukaryotic condition by way of “serial endosymbiosis. Pick any one cell organelle and briefly outline how its evolution is explained by the endosymbiotic hypothesis.

Back 10

prokaryotic cells were the ancestors of eukaryotic cells.
bacteria ingested by anaerobic host cell ultimately performed oxidative metabolism necessary to the survival of the original host cell, which would otherwise have been poisoned by atmospheric oxygen. The former free-living aerobic bacteria assumed the role of mitochondria within its host cell
First, an aerobic (oxygen-using) heterotrophic prokaryote was taken in by a larger host cell. In time, the prokaryote co-evolved with the host, eventually becoming something like a mitochondrion. Next, a photosynthetic prokaryote was taken in by a mitochondrion-containing cell.
ex//chloroplast in photosynthetic bacteria gives oxygen and carbohydrate to host cell which produces pyruvate, CO2 and H2O from glycolysis.

Front 11

. Specifically detail the resources shared between the host cell and the “chloroplast” endosymbiont.

Back 11

The chloroplast consumes water and carbon dioxide as it captures energy from light and funnels it into the chemical energy of glucose, releasing oxygen in the process.
serial ingestion of photosynthetic bacteria by endosymbiontic prokaryotes

Front 12

Specifically detail the resources shared between the host cell and the “mitochondrial” endosymbiont.

Back 12

The mitochondrion consumes oxygen to efficiently extract energy from carbon sources like glucose, producing carbon dioxide and water in the process.
the host cell produces pyruvate, protons and electron and ATP from glycolysis while the aerobe produces protons and electron to make H2O and ATP which the host cell uses for glycolysis

Front 13

. Specifically detail the resources shared between “mitochondrial” endosymbiont and the “chloroplast” endosymbiont.

Back 13

glycolysis in the cell produces protons and electrons and pyruvate which the mitochondrion uses for krebs cycle to make protons and electrons for electron transport which then makes atp and CO2 and H2O which the chloroplast uses with light to make carbohydrate and Oxygen. the oxygen then goes to the mitochondrion for krebs , while the carbohydrate is used for glycolysis with the ATP from electron transport to make more pyruvate, protons and electrons

Front 14

Energy comes in many forms. Electromagnetic energy is one of those forms, and it can be described as waves.
a. Describe the spectrum of electromagnetic energy including the names of some common forms.

Back 14

radio, microwave, ultra violet, visible, infrared, xray, gamma

Front 15

Generally indicate the wave lengths of the energy involved.

Back 15

radio with 10^2m wavelenth to gamma 10^-12m wavelength. visible is 350nm-700nm

Front 16

Indicate which wave lengths are associated with greater and lesser amounts of energy.

Back 16

E=hf, so shorter wavelengths have higher energies. gamma rays are higher energy while radio are the lowest

Front 17

What is the relative position of the visible parts of the spectrum?

Back 17

between uv, and infrared. literally right in the middle.

Front 18

. Name the colors of the visible spectrum and note the relative energy level of each.

Back 18

red orange yellow green blue purple, with blue having the highest energy (shortest wavelength)

Front 19

Specifically, which parts of the visible spectrum are most used in photosynthesis?

Back 19

blue and red. that's why green is so popular, because it is reflected back the most while blue and red are mostly absorbed and used for energy.

Front 20

Suppose you were to feed as a consumer III. Suppose humans need a total of 2000 Kcal to remain alive for one day. How many Kcal of electromagnetic energy must reach the outer-most limits of the atmosphere of the earth to support you for one day? Please outline the details of your answer and show the relevant calculations

Back 20

2x10^8
plants get 1% of energy while consumers get 10%

Front 21

Referring to question 6 above: how many humans could be supported for one day if they all fed as consumers I? Please include the logic or computations supporting your answer.

Back 21

..

Front 22

Strontium-90 is a very radioactive isotope produced by nuclear reactions; thus, much of it was released into the environment during atmospheric testing of atomic weapons. Strontium is very similar to calcium chemically (note their positions on the periodic table), and is taken up and used by organisms in much the same way (cell membranes, muscles, cytoplasm, bones, synapses, milk, etc.).

The food chain in arctic ecosystems might look something like this:
LICHENS -----------> CARIBOU -----------> HUMANS

Very tiny amounts of strontium-90 fell on the arctic regions, yet Eskimos, Lapps, and other arctic people had dangerously high amounts of it in their bodies. Briefly explain how that can be ... what is going on?

Back 22

when a lichen drinks water, maybe gest 3 molecules of strontium but then the caribou eats 10 lichens and gets 30 molecules, and then a human eats 5 caribou, lets say, and gets 150 molecules!

Front 23

defining characteristics
kingdom plantae

Back 23

photoautotrophic eukaryote

Front 24

defining characteristics
kingdom fungi

Back 24

heterotrophic eukaryote

Front 25

defining characteristics
phylum cyanobacteria

Back 25

autotrophic prokaryote

Front 26

defining characteristics
phylum chordata

Back 26

notochord

Front 27

defining characteristics
phylum arthropoda

Back 27

jointed legs, protostome

Front 28

defining characteristics
phylum cnidaria

Back 28

two tissue layers

Front 29

defining characteristics
phylum nematoda

Back 29

ecdysozoa, pseudocoelomate

Front 30

defining characteristics
phylum bacillariophyceae

Back 30

super symmetrical, cell walls of silica

Front 31

defining characteristics
class bivalvia

Back 31

2 valved shells

Front 32

defining characteristics
class mammalia

Back 32

fur milk hair

Front 33

defining characteristics
class insecta

Back 33

three pairs of legs

Front 34

defining characteristics
class cestoda

Back 34

scolex, heads and suckers, buds segments of reproductive organs

Front 35

defining characteristics
class aves

Back 35

feathers, warmblooded

Front 36

defining characteristics
class lepidosaura

Back 36

scales

Front 37

There is a fluke which lives in the lungs of frogs as an adult. What is a “fluke”? Based on your knowledge of fluke life cycles, describe what might be a logical life cycle for this lung fluke of frogs.

Back 37

adults in bile ducts of human definitive host
eggs shed in feces
feces in water
eggs eaten by snail intermediate host
fluke asexual reproduction
free swimming larvae exit snail
enter fish muscle host
larvae encyst in muscle
human eats raw badly cooked fish

Front 38

Define pseudocoelom. Discuss the early stages of embryonic development to illustrate the development of the pseudocoelom. What does it develop from in the early embryo?

Back 38

forms from blastocoel. partially lined with mesoderm. but not gut cavity.

Front 39

PHYLUM: unicellular, one flagellum around middle, one flagellum at end

Back 39

dinozoa

Front 40

CLASS: notochord, hair

Back 40

mammalia

Front 41

CLASS: exoskeleton, six jointed legs, one pair antennae

Back 41

insecta

Front 42

CLASS: triploblastic, acoelomate, non parasitic

Back 42

platyhelmenthes

Front 43

PHYLUM: protostome, jointed appendages

Back 43

arthropoda

Front 44

CLASS: protostome, mantle, foot, two shells

Back 44

bivalvia

Front 45

PHYLUM: multicellular, no tissues, choanocytes

Back 45

porifera

Front 46

PHYLUM: deuterostome, radial symmetry

Back 46

echinodermata

Front 47

PHYLUM: diploblastic

Back 47

cnidaria

Front 48

PHYLUM: segmented, coelom, trochophore larvae

Back 48

annelida

Front 49

PHYLUM: unicellular, eukaryotic, pseudopodia

Back 49

amoeba

Front 50

Malaria literally means “bad air” [ Italian mal’aria from the Latin mal =bad and aer =air]. Knowing the biology of the disease, speculate on the origin of the name for the disease.

Back 50

bad air means full of mosquitoes, near water so maybe foggy or humid/rainy.

Front 51

What is the difference between a parasite and a parasitoid?

Back 51

Predator vs. parasite. Predator eats you and the parasite makes you suffer. Parasitoid kills quicker than a parasite but slower than a predator. Wasp that lay eggs on caterpillars are parasitoids.

Front 52

Arthropoda have jointed legs and a true coelom (more similar, it would seem, to Chordata), and Nematoda have no legs and a pseudocoelom (more similar, it would seem, to Rotifera). The current classification of organisms places the Arthropoda and the Nematoda in related phyla based on one major morphological feature which presumably distinguishes them from all other phyla. What is that characteristic?

Back 52

ecdysozoa

Front 53

What exactly is an endostyle? What is it called in your body?

Back 53

ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles, ends up being the thyroid

Front 54

Why do so many parasites go through one or more phases of asexual reproduction in their life cycles?

Back 54

probability of finding a host is so small it needs to make as many eggs as possible in order to survive

Front 55

Tapeworm life cycle:

Back 55

When cattle or other herbivores (plant-eaters) eat egg-contaminated vegetation, the eggs hatch and burrow through their intestinal wall. The larvae * burrow into muscles and form fluid-filled cysts, which are protective capsules. If humans eat raw or undercooked beef containing cysts, the cysts develop over a 2-month period into adult tapeworms.

Front 56

describe a Choanomonada cell:

Back 56

have a single flagellum, surrounded by a ring of hair-like protrusions (microvilli), The microvilli form a conical "collar" which gives the group its name (Choanomonada - "collared cell" in Greek). The flagellum pulls in water and the microvilli collar absorbs and digests food particles. The flagellum pushes the cells forward, like animal sperm, instead of pulling it forward as in other eukaryotic groups. They share this feature with the other members of the super-kingdom Opisthokonta.**forms bodies of sponges, protist of that type is ancestral to all animals and fungi

Front 57

trypanasoma life cycle

Back 57

reservoir host of african mammals (tse tse fly vector)
takes blood meal (mitosis)
trypanosome reproduces in fly gut
young trypanasomes in salivary glands
injected into new host
adult trypanasome in blood of host
host bitten by tse tse fly

Front 58

evidence to support endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells

Back 58

DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts are like bacterial DNA
chloroplast and mitochondrial ribosomes are like bacteria (nucleotide sequence and sensitivity to antibiotics)
mitochondria and chloroplasts make their own membranes like bacteria
mitosis like bacteria

Front 59

krebs cycle

Back 59

uses pyruvate to make CO2, protons and electrons, picked up by NAD and FAD, dumped onto oxygen to make water

Front 60

electron transport

Back 60

uses protons and electrons to make ATP and protons, the oxygen combines with protons to make water

Front 61

photosynthesis

Back 61

in chloroplasts, uses CO2 and H2) to make carbohydrate and oxygen

Front 62

glycolysis

Back 62

6carbons and 2 ATP split to three carbon and 4 ATP, goes to pyruvates. extra chemical energy but protons and electrons roaming is not good so they're picked up by NAD and go to krebs cycle, also dumped on oxygen to make water