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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is cleavage?
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-Rapid mitotic cell division of the zygote that begins right after fertilization
-The cells are dividing so quickly that they have no time to develop in size -By the end, a fluid - filled ball of cells called a blastula is formed |
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Describe the structure of a blastula
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-A group of cells
-Individual cells are called blastomeres -The fluid - filled center is a blastocoel |
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What is gastrulation?
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-Continuation of the process that began during cleavage
-Involves differentiation -Rearrangement of the blastula to produce a 3 layered embryo called a gastrula |
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What are the embryonic germ layers of the gastrula?
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-Ectoderm --> will become the nervous system
-Endoderm --> will form the viscera, (lungs, liver, & digestive organs) -Mesoderm --> forms the muscle, blood, & bones |
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What is organogenesis?
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A stage in the embryonic development in which cells continue to differentiate, producing organs from the 3 embryonic germ layers
-Once all the organ systems developed, the embryo increases in size and becomes a fetus |
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What is the cervix and endometrium?
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Cervix - the mouth of the uterus
Endometrium - lining of the uterus |
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What are the four stages of the Female Menstrual Cycle?
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-Follicular Phase
-Ovulation -Luteal Phase -Menstruation |
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What is the follicular phase?
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Part of menstrual cycle when tiny cavities (follicles) in the ovaries grow and secrete increasing amounts of estrogens in response to follicle - stimulating hormone (FSH)
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What is ovulation?
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Part of the menstrual cycle when the oocyte ruptures out of the ovaries in response to a rapid increase in the luteinizing hormone (LH)
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What is the luteal phase?
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Part of the menstrual cycle when the corpus luteum (the cavity of the follicle left behind) forms and secretes estrogen and progesterone that thicken the endometrium (lining) of the uterus.
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What is menstruation?
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Part of the menstrual cycle when the lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed
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What are the memebranes of a bird embryo?
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-Chorion
-Yolk sac -Amnion -Allantois |
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What is a chorion?
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Lies under the bird egg shell and allows for diffusion of respiratory gases between the outside environment and the inside of the shell
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What is a yolk sac?
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It enlcoses the yolk, the food for the growing embryo
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What is an amnion?
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In a bird embryo, it encloses the embryo in protective amniotic fluid
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What is an allantois?
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-Analogous to the plactenta n mammals
-channel for respiratory gases to pass -where nitrogenous waste uric acid accumulates |
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Where in the human body does the absorbtion of nutrients occur?
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After digestion is completed in the duodenum, the nutrients are small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the villi and microvilli
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What are the intestinal enzymes in the human body?
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-Pancreatic amylases --> digestive starch
-Peptidases like trypsin and chymotrypsin --> break down proteins -Nucleases --> hydrolyze nucleic acids into nucleotides -Lipases --> break down fats |
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What is a lacteal?
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Part of the villus which absorbs fatty acids and glycerol into the lymphatic system
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What is the major cause of most ulcers?
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The bacterium Heliobacter pylori is a major a cause of most ulcers, which is located in the pyloric sphincter at the top of the stomach
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What is the large intestine?
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-Also called colon
-No digestion occurs here -3 major digestive functions: egestion, vitamin production, reabsorbtion of water |
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What is egestion?
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Removal of undigested waste
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Describe vitamin production in the large intestine
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-Bacteria symbionts living in the colon produce the B vitamins, vitamin K, and folic acid
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Describe the reabsorbtion of water in the large intestine?
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1) Constipation- too much water is reabsorbed from the intestine into the bod
2)Diarrhea- an inadequate amount of water is absorbed back into body |
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How do the pHs of gastric and intestinal enzymes differ?
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-Gastric enzymes --> pH of 3
-Intestinal enzymes --> pH of 8 |
