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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is behavioral Ecology? |
Scientific study of behavior in natural enviornments from an evolutionary perspective |
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What is the Proximate Causes? |
What mechanism enables the organism to exhibit a certain behavior
Adress the "how" questions |
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What is the Ultimate Causes? |
Evolutionary explanations for behavior
Address "why" question |
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What is the cost-benefit analysis? |
used to determine whether a behavior is adaptive |
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What is direct fitnes? |
an individual's reproductive success measured by the number of viable offspring |
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What is innate behavior? |
genetically programmed inborn behavior (instinct)
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What is learned behavior? |
The behavior tha tis modified in response to enviornmental experience |
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What are motor programs? |
are automatic behaviors that depend on a coordination sequences of muscle actions
ex. Walking |
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What are fixed action pattern |
automatic behavior that, once activated, continues to completion regardless of sensory feedback |
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What is a sign stimulus? |
a signal that triggers a specific behavioral response |
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What is learning? |
involves persistent changes in behavior that result from experience |
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What is habituation? |
type of learning in which an animal ignores a repeated, irrelevant stimulus |
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What is imprinting |
is the recognition, response, and attachment of young to a particular adult or object
Establishes a parent-offspring bond and ensures that the offspring recognizes the parent
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what is classical conditioning? |
is an association that forms between a normal body function and a new stimulus
ex. pavlov's dogs |
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What is a unconditioned stimulus? |
A stimulus that naturally stimulates a response |
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What is a unconditioned response? |
The unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus |
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What is the conditioned stimulus? |
The stimulus that becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus to trigger a conditioned response |
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What is the conditioned response? |
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
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What is operant Conditioning? |
is to learn a behavior because of positive reinforcement or to avoid punishment |
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What is cognition? |
the process of gaining knowlege
Involves thinking, learning, processing information, reasoning, perceptions, and self-awareness. |
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What is insight learning? |
Ability to adapt past experience to solve a new problem |
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What is play? |
is a behavior that has no apparent external goal, but may facilitate social development or practice of certain behaviors and provide exercies |
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What are biological rhythms |
physiological and behavior responses to changes in the enviornment
some behaviors included are sleep, feeding, reproduction, etc. |
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What are the 3 types of circadian rhythms? |
Diurnal --> active during the day Nocturnal --> active at night Crepuscular --> active at dusk or dawn |
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Where is the biological clock located? |
Hypothalamus |
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What is migration? |
Periodic long-distance travel from one location to another and involves astonishing feats of endurance and navigation |
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What is navigation? |
a complex process that requires both compass and map sense |
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What is compass sense? |
gives you a sense of direction |
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What is map sense? |
awareness of location |
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What other 2 things do you use to determine location? |
1. Eviornmental cues 2. Past experiences |
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What is Foraging Behavior? |
Feeding behavior which involves: locating, selecting, gathering and capturing food |
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What are social behaviors? |
Adaptive interactions, usually among members of the same species |
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What are the two categories of social behaivor |
1. cooperative 2. competitive |
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What are pheromones? |
chemical signals that convey information to members of the same species |
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what are the 4 ways in which animals communicate? |
1. Pheromones 2. Vocalization 3. Body language 4. Visual Signals |
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What is the Dominance Hierarchy? |
1. ranking of status in a group 2. More dominant members get benefits 3. Allows increased cooperation among group |
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What is Territory? |
a defended area within a home range |
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What are the cost and benefits of having terrirory? |
Cost: time, energy and risk benefits: rights to food and greater reproductive success |
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What is Home range? |
is the geographic area they seldom leave but do not necessarily defend |
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What is Territoriality? |
The behavior where an individual defends a territory |
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What is courtship? |
is a behavior consisting of patterns that lead to copulation and consists of a series of displays and movements by the male or female |
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What are the 3 types of Sexual Selection you need to know? |
1. Polygyny 2. Polyandry 3. Monogamy |
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What is Polygyny? |
A male mates with many females |
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what is Polyandry? |
a female mates with several males |
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What is monogamy? |
mating with a single partner |
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Define Pair bond? |
a stable relationship between a male and female |
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What is parental investment? |
the time and resources expended for raising offspring |
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Who invest more time into parenting? |
Female |
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What does the male generally have lower investment |
they are capable of producing more gametes (which are also smaller) therefore making each one less valuable. |
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Why to femals usually invest more time into parenting? |
they make fewer, larger gametes, a process which is energetically more expensive, thus making each gamete more valuable |
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When finding a mate who is more discriminating? |
Females |
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What is certainty of paternity and why is it important? |
how much an organism is certain that an offspring is theirs.
If the male is unsure if its offspring are his, parental investment is likely to be lower |
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What is a society? |
Group of individuals within the same species that may work together |
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What do insect societies look like |
rigid, narrowly defined, and with the division of labor determined by age |
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What do vertebrate societies look like? |
flexible, with some species developing culture? |
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What does the dance of the honey bee show? |
to communicate the location of a good food source to others in the hive |
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What is Alturistic behavior |
an individual behaves in a way that benefits others |
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What is inclusive fitness? |
number of offspring and offspring of kin |
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What is Kin selection? |
increase inclusive fitness through reproduction of close relatives |
