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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are Heterotrophs? |
Organisms that obtain nourishment from the organic molecules manufactured by other organisms. |
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What is nutrition? |
The process of taking in and using food |
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What are Nutrients? |
are the substances in food that the body use |
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What are three ways in which Nutrients are used for? |
1. Run the systems of the body 2. Make compounds for metabolic processes 3 .Grow and repair tissue |
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What is the order of food processing? |
1. Ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Egestion (elimination) |
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What is ingestion? |
The process of taking food into the digestive system |
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What is digestion? |
The process of breaking down food mechanically and chemically |
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What is Absorption? |
is the process where nutrients pass through the lining of the digestive tract and into the blood |
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What is Egestion or elimination? |
is where food that is not digested or absorbed is discharged from the body |
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What is a single opening digestive system? |
The opening serves as both the mouth and the anus |
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what is an organism that contains one of these digestive systems? |
Flatworms and cnidarians |
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What is the primitive digestive system called in flatworms? |
Gastrovascular cavity |
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What is a digestive system with 2 openings? |
1. is a complete tube with an opening at each end (mouth=ingestion, anus = egestion) 2. Digestion takes place as food passes through the tube |
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What organisms have a digestive system with 2 openings? |
Complex invertebrates and all vertebrates |
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What is motility? |
The mixing and propulsive movements of the digestive tract |
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What is peristalsis? |
Waves of muscular contraction that push food through the digestive tract in one direction |
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Food passes in a sequence through? |
Mouth --> pharynx --> esophagus --> stomach --> small intestine --> large intestine --> anus |
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What does the mouth do for the digestion process? |
1. specialized for ingestion and the beginning of the digestion process 2. Mechanical digestion begins when you binte, grind, and chew with your teeth 3. Also does Chemical Digestion |
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What is salivary amylase? |
enzyme incharge of chemical digestion by breaking down carbohydrates |
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What is a Bolus? |
a lump of food that passes into the pharanx |
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What is the Epiglottis? |
is the flap of cartilage that closes the airway when you swallow |
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What does the stomach do for the Digestion process? |
1. Food is mechanically digested by the stomach churning 2. Food is chemically digested by hydrochloric acid and enzyms |
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What is Rugae? |
stomach folds that expand with food |
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What do the gastric glands secrete and what happens when they come into contact with each other? |
1. Hydrochloric acid (parietal cells) and pepsinogen (chief cells) 2. when pepsinogen comes into contact with hydrochloric acid it gets converted to the active form pepsin, which breaks down proteins |
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What are the three regions of the small intestine? |
duodenum --> jujenum --> ileum |
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What is chyme? |
a clump of digested food |
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What part of the small intestine is the most important for chemical digestion |
Duodenum |
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what sphincter must chyme go through in order to enter the duodenum? |
pyloric |
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What does the pancreas do? |
releases enzymes that digest protein, lipids and carbohydrates, as well as RNA and DNA |
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What does Trypsin and Chymotrypsin |
digest proteins |
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What does pancreatic amylase break down? |
carbohydrates |
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What does pancreatic lipase break down? |
lipids |
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What does the liver produce? |
Bile |
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What does Bile do? |
1. performs emulsification (breaks down fat) |
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Where is Bile stored? |
In the gall bladder, which concentrates it and releases it into the duodenum as needed |
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What are the three enzymes that break things down into glucose? |
Maltase, Sucrase, and lactase |
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What are peptidases? |
splits proteins into the final product of amino acids |
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Where does nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine? |
The whole thing |
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What are villi and microvilli? |
1. fingerlike projections (villi) which contain even smaller fingers (microvilli) 2. These structures help increase surface area and function to absorb nutrient molecules |
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What happens during nutrient absorption? |
1. Nutrients are absorbed through the thin walls of the intestinal epithelium 2. The hepatic portal vein transports amino acids and glucose to the liver 3. lipids are transported via the lymphatic system |
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Where the ileum join the large intestine is called |
cecum |
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Where is the appendix |
projects from the end of the cecum |
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What are the specific regions of the large intestine? |
Cecum --> ascending colon --> transverse colon --> descending colon --> sigmoid colon --> rectum --> anus --> defecation |
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What is the function of the large intestine? |
eliminates undigested waste ~Cellulose of plant foods and unabsorbed chyme ~ Absorbs water and sodium from chyme as it passes through the large intestine until it gradually assumes the consistency of normal feces |
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What does the bacteria in the large intestine do? |
feast on the feces and produce vitamin B and K that can be absorbed and used |
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What are the 5 types of nutrients you need to know |
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals |
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What is the main function of Carbohydrates |
important source of energy |
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Where doe you find some complex carbs |
rice, potatoes, grains, cereal, corn |
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What are refined carbohydrates? |
processed so all that is left is sugar and starch |
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What is fiber? |
Mixture of cellulose and other indigestible carbohydrates |
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What is the function of lipids |
1. Lipids are also used for energy, forming our primary energy stores in the form of fat 2. Lipids are also used to make a variety of lipid compounds, including: cell membranes, steroid hormones, and bile |
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What is cholesterol? and what is it transported by? |
1. a lipid 2. Lipoproteins |
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What do High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) do? |
transport cholesterol known as "good cholesterol" |
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What does Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) do? |
Transport cholesterol known as "bad cholesterol" |
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What do proteins do? |
1. Proteins are essential building blocks of cells and serve as enzymes 2. Can be broken down to provide energy |
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What are essential amino acids |
The amino acids that we must obtain through our diet because we can only synthesize 11 out of the 20 amino acids |
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What do Vitamins do? |
1. Vitamins are organic compounds required for many biochemical processes 2. Many serve as components of coenzymes 3. Fruits and vegetables are good sources of vitamins |
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What do minerals do? |
1. Inorganic nutrients ingested as salts dissulved in food or water |
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What are major minerals? |
ones that we need more than 100mg per day |
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What are trace minerals |
ones that we need less than 100 mg per day |
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What is Basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
1. The body's cost of metabolic living 2. Rate of energy expended when the body is at rest |
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What is the total metabolic rate? |
1. BMR plus the energy used to carry on daily activities |
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1. How do you keep your body weight the same? 2. How does your body decrease in weight? 3. How does your body increase in weight? |
1. When energy input equals energy output 2. when energy input exceeds energy output 3. When energy output exceeds energy input |
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What does vitamin D do? |
helps our body absorb calcium |
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What does vitamin C do? |
helps synthesis collogen (connective tissue) |
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What does vitamin E do? |
antioxident (combat free raticles) |
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What does iron do? |
in order for our blood cells to bind to oxygen |
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What is Malnutrition? |
results from dietary intake that is either above or below the required need ~Undernutrition (protein deficiency) ~ Obesity |
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What is Ghrelin? |
released by an empty stomach to stimulate appetite, which stimulates the production of neuropeptiet Y |
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What is neuropeptite Y (NPY) |
a neurotransmitter produced in the hypothalamus |
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What is leptin? |
1. a hormone produced by fat and regulates appetite and energy expenditure
2. "Fat burning hormone" |
