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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of Integument
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Protection against abrasion, puncture invasion of bacteria, moisture-proofing, and UV radiation
Possibly sensory, regualting heat loss, respiratory, excretory, attractiveness |
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What is the protozoan integument?
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Cellular membrane, Pellicle in some
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What is a Pellicle?
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A protozoan thin layer suppporting the cellular membrane integument
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Describe the Molluscan Integument
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soft, delicate, and contains mucous glands. Secretes CaCO3 shell
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What are the two cuticles zones that the epidermis secretes?
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Procuticle: Inner, thicker consists of several layers
Epicuticle: Outer, Thinner |
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What layer gives rise to the integument?
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Epidermis
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What is Keratin?
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A fibrous protein that accumulates in cells when epidermis undergoes continous mitosis
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What is keratinization?
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When keratin accumulates in cells, and the cells die and are shed ( dandruff!)
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Cornified cells
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Cells that undergo keratinization
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Stratum Corneum
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Formed by cornified cells, layer of
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what can dermis contain?
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Bony structures
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What are the two types of skeletal systems?
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Hydrostatic and Rigid
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What does a skeletal system provide?
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rigidity to the body, Surface for muscle attachment, Protection for body organs
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How does the hydrostatic skeleton work, and what organisms have it?
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fluid filled cavity skeleton, muscles in body wall work with coelomic fluids. Some invertebrates like earthworms have it.
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What are muscular hydrostats? What are examples?
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parts of animals that lack skeletal support, but have incompressible tissue that remains in a constant volume. Examples: mammal tongues, cephalapod tentacles
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What are the two types of rigid skeleton? Give examples of each
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Exoskeleton: mollusc shells
Endoskeleton: Bone and cartilage of echinoderms and vertebrates |
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What is the notochord?
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a component of the rigid skeleton, it is a flexible and supportive rod-like structure
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What is a chondrocyte?
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A cartilage cell
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How is a bone arranged?
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in concentric rings, with cavities between rings called lacunae. Lacunae contain osteocytes
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What is an osteocyte?
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a bone cell in the lacunae, a cavity between concentric rings of the bone matrix
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What is a lacuna?
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Lacunae are the spaces between concentric rings of the bone matrix. connected by canaliculi
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What is the verbal skeleton plan?
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two components: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
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What are the three types of animal movement?
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Amoeboid, Ciliary and Flagellar, and Muscular
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What are the three types of muscles?
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Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
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What does it mean to be striated? What is striated? What is no striated?
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Striated refers to muscles fibers that are bunched together in parallel. Cardiac and Skeletal muscles are striated, Smooth muscles are not.
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How many nuclei do cardiac muscles have?
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one, they are uninucleate
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Describe skeletal fibers
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long, cylindrical, multinucleate
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Describe smooth fibers:
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smallish, tapering, uninucleate
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Describe Cardiac fibers
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uninucleate, fibers joined together by junctional complexes
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How is smooth muscle organized?
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usually organized in sheets, encircle cavities
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What are the involuntary muscles? what are voluntary muscles?
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Skeletal is voluntary, Cardiac and smooth are involuntary.
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What is homeostasis?
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Maintenance of an internal steady state by self regulation
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Why are marine invertebrated seldom exposed to osmotic fluctuations?
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Sea is highly stable
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What is a stenohaline?
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An organism that can not survive in a large range of salt levels.
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What is a euryhaline?
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An organism that can survive in a large range of salt levels. Often found in estuaries and near shores
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How do freshwater organismscontrol water and osmotic levels?
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Water enters body osmotically, salt leaves by means of diffusion
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How is salt taken up in a fish, and what is the role of a kidney?
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When water enters the body osmotically, it goes through the gills. the gills absorb salt, then the water travels through intestines and reabsorbs unnecessary salts. this forms a dilute urine, which is then pumped out by the kidney
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how do amphibians cope with salt loss?
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absorb it actively via skin
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How do marine bony fish cope with water loss?
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Fish drink saltwater, salt absorbed in intestine and carried by blood to gills for excretion. Consume only enough water to make up for water loss
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How do marine cartaliginous fish cope with water loss?
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They are in osmotic equilibrium with the water, even though salt composition in blood is similar to that of bony fish. This equilibrium works because the kidney conserves urea, which accumualtes in the blood and raises blood osmolarity
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how do terrestrial animals control regulate osmosis levels?
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They lose water by poop and evaporation, and replace by drinking water, water in food, and retaining metabolic water
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What is metabolic water?
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water formed in cells by the oxidation of metabolic fuel
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How does ammonia form, and how do animals get rid of it?
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Ammonia is the final toxic product of protein breakdown. It is converted to uric acid to get it out of the body easier, then excreted as semi-solid urine
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What are the three invertebrate excretory structures?
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Contractile Vacuoles, Nephridium, and the arthropod Kidney
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What are contractile vacuoles?
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Amoebazoa and freshwater sponges have them, they expel water.
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What is the most common type of invertebrate excretory structure?
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The Nephridium. it is a tubular structure which maintains osmotic balance in acoelomates and pseudocoelomates
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What are the five different types of kidney?
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archinephros, pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros, ophisthonephros
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What is the order of development for kidneys?
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Archinepros->Pronephros->Mesonephros->Metanephros
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What is an archinephros?
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The primitive kidney found in hagfish embryo. Inferred ancestor of vertebrate kidney
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What is a pronephros?
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Functional kidney in adult hagfish, found in embryonic fish and amphibians.
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What is a mesonephros?
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transient function in embryonic lampreys and vertebrates.
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What is a metanephros?
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Functional kidney in adult reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Where is a ureter found?
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Only in metaphros kidneys, drains kidney. allows for old archinephric duct to transport sperm now
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What is the functional unit of a vertebrate kidney?
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a nephron
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What is at the beginning of every nephron?
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an expanded chamber called a bowmans' capsule containing capillaries
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What is a Bowmans' capsule?
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an expanded chamber containing capillaries
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What is a renal corpuscle?
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the Bowmans' capsule and the capillaries together
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How does a bowman's capsule filtrate?
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Blood pressure in glomeruler capillaries forces filtrate down through bowmans' capsule and along a renule tubule that performs re-absorption and secretion functions in process of urine formation
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How is urine formed?
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Filtration by the glomerulus, reabsorption by the proximal convuluted tubes, and secretion by the reverse of tubular absorption
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What is daily torpor?
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when an endotherms body temperature drops at night or when inactive
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