Organic Chemistry Terms And Groups

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ACID:
BASE:

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DISSOCIATES IN WATER TO GIVE H30+.
DISSOCIATES IN WATER TO GIVE -OH.

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BRONSTED-LOWRY DEFINITIONS FOR ACID-BASE:

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ACID: PROTON DONOR.
BASE: PROTON ACCEPTOR.

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LEWIS DEFINITIONS OF ACID-BASE:

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ACID: ELECTRON-PAIR ACCEPTOR(ELECTROPHILE).
BASE: ELECTRON-PAIR DONOR(NUCLEOPHILE).

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CONJUGATE ACID:
CONJUGATE BASE:

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THE ACID THAT RESULTS FROM PROTONATION OF A BASE.
THE BASE THAT RESULTS FROM LOSS OF A PROTON FROM AN ACID.

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COVALENT BONDS:

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SHARING OF ELECTRONS BETWEEN TWO ATOMS.

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CURVED ARROWS:

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ARE DRAWN FOR THE USE OF KEEPING UP WITH ELECTRON MOVEMENT FROM NUCLEOPHILE TO ELECTROPHILE. (OR WITHIN A MOLICULE).

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DEGENERATE ORBITS:

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ORBITALS WITH IDENTICAL ENERGIES.

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DIPOLE MOMENT:

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A MEASURE OF THE POLARITY OF A BOND(OR MOLECULE), PROPORTIONAL TO THE PRODUCT OF THE CHARGE SEPARATION TIMES THE BOND LENGTH.

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ELECTROPHILE:

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ELECTRON PAIR ACCEPTOR (LEWIS ACID).

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THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA:

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THE RATIO OF ATOMS IN A COMPOUND.

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FORMAL CHARGE:

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A METHOD FOR KEEPING TRACK OF CHARGES, SHOWING WHAT CHARGE WOULD BE ON AN ATOM IN A PARTICULAR LEWIS STRUCTURE.

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HUND'S RULE:

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WHEN THERE ARE TWO OR MORE UNFILLED ORBITALS OF THE SAME ENERGY (DEGENERATE ORBITALS), THE LOWEST ENERGY CONFIGURATION PLACES THE ELECTRONS IN DIFFERENT ORBITALS (WITH PARALLEL SPINS) RATHER THAN PAIRED IN THE SAME ORBITAL.

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ISOTOPES:

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ATOMS WITH SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS BUT DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF NEUTRONS: ATOMS OF THE SAME ELEMENT BUT WITH DIFFERENT ATOMIC MASSES.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EMPIRICAL FORMULA AND MOLECULAR FORMULA:

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EMPIRICAL FORMULA ONLY GIVES THE RATIOS OF THE ATOMS IN A MOLECULE(CH20).
THE MOLECULAR FORMULA GIVES THE ACTUAL NUMBER OF EACH ATOM(C6H1202).

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NODE:
NODAL PLANE:

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A REGION IN AN ORBITAL WITH ZERO ELECTRON DENSITY.
A FLAT (PLANAR) REGION OF SPACE WITH ZERO ELECTRON DENSITY.

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NUCLEOPHILE:

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AN ELECTRON PAIR DONOR (LEWIS ACID).

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POLAR COVALENT BONDS:
NON POLAR COVALENT BONDS:

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A COVALENT BOND WHERE THE ELECTRONS ARE SHARED UNEQUALLY.
A COVALENT BOND WHERE THE ELECTRONS ARE SHARED EQUALLY.

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RESONANCE HYBRID:

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A MOLECULE OR ION FOR WHICH TWO OR MORE VALID LEWIS STRUCTURES CAN BE DRAWN, DIFFERING ONLY IN THE PLACEMENT OF VALENCE ELECTRONS. THE LEWIS STRUCTURES ARE CALLED (RESONANCE FORMS OR RESONANCE STRUCTURES).

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MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR(RESONANCE STRUCTURES):

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THE LOWER ENERGY FORM OF THE RESONANCE STRUCTURES.

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MEMORIZE FIRST TWO ROWS OF PERIODIC TABLE AND ADD:

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SULFUR, PHOSPHORUS, CHLORINE, BROMINE, AND IODINE.