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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most abundant type of organic compound found in living things?
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Proteins.
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What are the monomers of a protein called?
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Amino Acids
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How many different kinds of amino acids are there.
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20 different kinds.
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What elements are proteins composed of?
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Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,and oxygen. Sometimes sulfur and phosphorus.
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How can a protein be identified using its molecular formula?
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Proteins contain the element nitrogen and other macromolecules don't.
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What are the two major categories of amino acids?
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Nonessential amino acids and Essential amino acids.
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What are Nonessential amino acids?
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Amino acids that the body can produce using the SPONCH elements.
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What are Essential amino acids?
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Amino acids that the body can not make, and must be obtained in the food we eat.
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The number of essential amino acids varies from ___ in children to ___ in adults.
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10- children
8- Adults |
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Essential amino acids are found in what kinds of proteins?
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"Complete" Proteins
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What are three examples of sources of "complete" proteins?
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Eggs, milk and meat
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Why must vegans be careful so that they obtain the necessary amino acids?
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"complete" proteins are not found in vegetables.
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What must vegans eat obtain all the Essential amino acids? Name examples.
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Grains (rice and wheat)
Legumes (beans,soy, and peanuts) Beans and other legumes contain many but not all of the essential amino acids. |
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What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
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H
H | O \ | // N ------------ C ---------- C / | \ H R OH |
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What are the parts of an amino acid?
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-a central carbon atom bonded to:
1 carboxyl group 1 amino group 1 hydrogen atom 1 carbon side chain (symbolized by R) |
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How many different kinds of R groups are there? What is the result of that many R groups?
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There are 20 different kinds of R groups. As a result there are 20 different kinds of amino acids.
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There are __ different amino acids that can be linked together in ___ _____ and in chains of _______ ______
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20
any sequence varying length |
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What is a long chain of amino acids called?
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A polypeptide
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Animal cells may contain over ______ proteins. Some are unique for a given type of organism. Proteins make life possible in its present degree of ________
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2000
complexity |
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What makes you, you?
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You are the result of the proteins you produce.
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What does a functional protein consist of?
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One or more polypeptides
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Each __________ is coded for by its own region of DNA known as a ____
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polypeptide
gene |
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What are the levels of a protein (called levels of organization)
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primary
secondary tertiary quaternary |
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Describe the primary level.
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the order the amino acids are linked together
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Describe the secondary level.
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the bending and folding that results from the amino acid sequence
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Describe the tertiary level.
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additional bending and folding resulting from new interactions between amino acids that are now near each other
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Describe the quaternary level.
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several polypeptide chains combine to form a large 3 dimensional (glob -like) structure
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What process is used to form proteins?
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Dehydration Synthesis
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What are the reactants and products of Dehydration synthesis of two amino acids?
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Reactants: two amino acids
Products: a dipeptide and a water molecule |
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Where does the H and OH group come from during Dehydration Synthesis of two amino acids?
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H: the amino group
OH: the carboxyl group |
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What does the word polypeptide literally mean?
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poly: many
peptide: refers to amino acids |
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The________ properties of a particular protein depend on its _________ thus, the _____ of the protein determines the protein's __________ properties
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chemical
structure shape biological |
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What are the 4 major categories of proteins?
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1. Structural Protein
2. Enzymes 3.Hormones 4.Antibodies |
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What are structural proteins?
Examples? |
the major "building blocks" of body tissue Examples: muscle,collagen,keratin.
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What materials contain collagen?
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Cartilage, tendon, the matrix of your skin, and bone
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What materials contain keratin?
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Rhino horn, bird feather, and hair
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What are the three types of proteins are found within all cell membranes?
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Channels, ID markers, and receptors
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What are enzymes?
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They are proteins that allow chemical reactions to take place in the body.
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How do enzymes work?
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They reduce cellular energy needed, thus speeding up the reactions (include those involved during metabolism)
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What is metabolism?
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Any and all chemical reactions necessary for sustaining life (ie: homeostasis-stable internal environment)
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What are hormones?
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chemical messengers that regulate body functions
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What are antibodies?
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Substances that protect against diseases
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What is Hydrolysis?
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The chemical process by which all macromolecules are broken down.
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What does Hydrolysis literally mean?
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hydro: water
lysis: to separate, to cut |
