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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four main examples of organic compounds?
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Carbon atoms bond so well because...
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...they have 4 valence electrons, and the can bond with themselves!
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Each carbon atom can form what kind of bonds with how many atoms?
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They can form single, double, or even triple covalent bonds with up to 4 atoms.
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What kind of bonding arrangement do organic compounds form?
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Carbon atoms can form chains or rings. Other atoms project from the carbon backbone.
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Name three the three types of carbohydrates.
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Monosacchrides, disaccharides (AKA: oligosacchrides), and polysacchrides.
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What elements make up carbohydrates?
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C, H, O
(Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen) |
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What function do carbohydrates serve?
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They are human's main source of energy, and they help with plant structuring.
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What are examples of monosacchrides?
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Glucose, deoxyribose, fructose, and ribose.
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What is the simplest carbohydrate; mainly composed of 5 or 6 carbon backbones?
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Monosacchrides.
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Which carbohydrates are immediate sources of energy to humans?
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Monosacchrides and desacchrides (AKA: oligosacchrides).
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What is an example of a disaccharide (AKA: an oligosaccharide).
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Sucrose.
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A disaccharide is actually made up of what?
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Two monosacchrides covalently bonded.
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What type of carbohydrate is formed by a condensation reaction?
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Disaccharides.
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What carbohydrate is responsible for the structure of plants and animals?
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Polysaccharides.
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What carbohydrate is defined as straight and composed of branched chains of many sugar monomers?
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Polysaccharides.
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Most common polysaccharides are composed entirely of what?
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Glucose.
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Give 3 examples of polysaccharides.
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Cellulose (which can't be digested and is found in plants as sugar), starch (such as anylose), and glycogen.
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What's the difference between cellulose and starch?
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Cellulose is tough and indigestible, while starch is easily digested. In addition, cellulose is structural material in plants, while starch is a storage form in plants.
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Which example of a polysaccharide is sugar storage in the form of animals?
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Glycogen.
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Where is glycogen stored?
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In muscle and liver cells.
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What happens to the liver when blood sugar decreases?
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The liver degrades stored glycogen and releases glucose.
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What example of a polysaccharide is structural material for the hard parts of invertebrates and makes up the cell walls of many fungi?
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Chitin.
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What are the three types of lipids?
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Fats, phospholipids, and waxes.
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Under which organic compound do fatty acids belong to?
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Lipids.
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Define fats and give a common example.
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Fatty acid(s) attached to glycerol. Triglycerides are most common.
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"Saturated" and "Unsaturated" are terms that belong under which organic compound?
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Lipids - Fats - Fatty Acids.
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Define saturated.
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One or more single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
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Define unsaturated.
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One or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
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Phospholipids are the main components of what?
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Phospholipids are the main components of cell membranes.
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Proteins are chains of and are linked by what?
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Proteins are chains of amino acids and are linked by peptide bonds.
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What are linked by peptide bonds?
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Proteins.
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How is a peptide bond formed, what kind of bond is it, and what does it link?
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A peptide bond is formed through a condensation reaction, its a type of covalent bond, and it links the amino group of one amino acid with a carboxyl group of the next.
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What elements make up proteins?
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C, H, O, N
(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen) |
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What are the functions of proteins?
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They control chemical reactions within the body, they help structure the body, and help fight disease.
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What are examples of proteins?
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Meat, gelatin, eggs, and fish.
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What elements make up lipids?
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Carbon and Hydrogen.
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What are the functions of lipids?
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They provide long term energy in humans, and help structure cell membranes.
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What are examples of lipids?
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Natural oils, cheese, waxes, and steroids.
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What elements make up nucleic acids?
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C, H, O, N, P
(Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus) |
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What monomer building blocks make up nucleic acids?
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Nucleotides.
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What monomer building blocks make up lipids?
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Fatty acid chains (long in length).
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What monomer building blocks make up proteins?
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Amino acids.
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What monomer building blocks make up carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides.
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What is the function of nucleic acids?
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They store and transport important genetic information.
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What are two examples of nucleic acids?
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RNA and DNA.
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What is known as a protein that acts as a biological catalyst?
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An enzyme.
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Enzymes are VERY specific and only bond active reactants called what?
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Substrates.
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Describe the relationship between enzyme reaction speed and the temperature.
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As the temperature increases, the enzyme works faster. If the temperature becomes too hot, however, the enzyme begins to denature (shutdown).
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Define product.
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An element or compound produced by a chemical reaction.
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Define activation energy.
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The energy needed to get a reaction started.
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Many molecules in living cells are very large. What are they called?
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Macromolecules.
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What is known as the process in which monomers join together to form polymers?
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Polymerization.
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-COOH is synonymous with what?
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The carboxyl group.
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-NH(subscript)2 is synonymous with what?
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The amino group.
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