Organic Chemistry Definitions

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Organic Chemistry

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CHemistry of compounds consisting of primarily Hydrogen and Carbon

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Catenation

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The ability of Carbon Atoms to bond with themselves to form chain structres

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IUPAC

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International union of applied chemists

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Homologous Series

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Organic molecules identified by same functional group and obey same general formula in which each member differs from the previous by one Ch2 unit

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Functional Group

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A bond, atom, group of atoms which identifies the homologous series that molecule belongs to and forms the center of chemical activity in that molecule.

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Saturated Compounds

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Organic compunds where all the bonds to the carbon atoms in the structure are singularly occupied

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UNsaturated Compounds

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Organics containing double> bonds in structre

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Isomer

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Organic Molecules which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

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Chain Isomer

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Isomers having different chain lengths

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Positional Isomers

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Isomers having different position of the same functional group

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Functional Isomers

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Isomers containg different functional groups

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alcohol

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–OH (hydroxyl)

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amine

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–N

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aldehyde

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C=O (carbonyl)

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ketone

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CH3–C=O (carbonyl)

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carboxyl

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–COOH

Oxygen 1 – double bonded to C

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ester (carboxylic ester)

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–COOC–

Oxygen 1 – double bonded to C

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amide (carboxylic amide)

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–C=O
N

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What types of intermolecular forces are there?

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Ion–dipole forces;
Dipole–dipole forces;
London dispersion forces;
Hydrogen bonding.

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What are the characteristic of a Ion–dipole force?

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–Interactions between an anion and a dipole, Na+ and water for example.
–Strongest of all forces.

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What are the characteristic of a Dipole–dipole force?

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–It exist between neutral polar molecules that are close together.
–It's weaker than ion–dipole forces.
–Its polarity increases as the closer the molecules are to have the same mass and size.

KEYTONES AND ALDEHYDES

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What are the characteristic of a London dispersion force?

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–It's the weakest of all intermolecular forces.
–The nucleus of one atom attract the electrons of the adjacent molecule or atom.
–Increases as the molecular weight increases.
–Exist between all molecules.
–Is dependent of the shape of the molecule.
–Is lower between spherical molecules and higher between sausage–like molecules.

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The forces between instantaneous dipoles is called what?

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London dispersion force.

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What are the characteristic of a Hydrogen bond?

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–One part of the bond involves a hydrogen atom.
–The hydrogen must be attached to a strongly electronegative atom.(oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine.)
–Partial but strong charge.
alcohols, aldehydes, which have high boiling point/melting point than other compounds.

Carbozylic acids

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Higher boiling point =

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Stornger Intermolecular forces

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Strength of inter forces

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Increases with size

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Temporary Dipole

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Nucleus of one molecule attracts electrons of thers molecule

Hydrocarbons Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes