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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What's an example of a ketone and what is its use?
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Acetone
Can be used as a nail polish remover. |
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What's an example of an aldehyde and its use?
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Formaldehyde
Can be used to make fabrics. |
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Which have a higher boiling point: ketones or alkanes?
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Ketones
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What determines the solubility of ketones and aldehydes?
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The carbonyl bonds with carbon. If there are 1-4 carbons it's very soluable. Any with 5 carbons or more aren't very soluable.
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Oxidize CH3 - CH2 - OH
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Ethanol (1') oxidizes into ethanol
CH3 - COH [double bond to oxygen] |
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Oxidize CH3-COH
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Ethanol oxidizes to ethanoic acid, CH3-COOH
[double bond to one oxygen] |
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Oxidize propanone
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Propanone is a ketone and cannot be oxidized.
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Primary alcohols oxidize to form ...
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Aldehydes
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Aldehydes oxidize to form ...
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Carboxylic acids
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Secondary alcohols oxidize to form ...
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Ketones
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What would be a good test to determine if you had a ketone or aldehyde?
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Tollens' test
Oxidizes aldehyds, but not ketones |
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What would be a good test to determine if you had a aldehyde with an adjacent hydroxyl group?
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Benedict's test
Gives a positive (red) test when aldehyde is adjacent to a hydroxyl group. |
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Draw the condensed structural formula of the alcohol needed to give the following oxidation product:
O= CH3 - C - OH [oxygen is double bonded to carbon] |
CH3-CH2-OH --> CH3-COH --> CH3-COOH
2nd and 3rd reaction have a double bond between the carbon and the oxygen |
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What does Tollen's oxidize?
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It will oxidize aldehydes.
It doesn't oxidize ketones |
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What is oxidation?
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The addition of oxygen to a molecule or the removal of hydrogen from a molecule.
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What is reduction?
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The addition of hydrogen to a molecule or the removal of oxygen from a molecule.
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What do aldehydes reduce to?
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They reduce to primary alcohols.
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What do ketones reduce to?
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They reduce to secondary alcohols.
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Define reduction
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Decreasing the number of carbon-oxygen bonds by the addition of hydrogen or the loss of oxygen.
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Draw the condensed structural formula of the alcohol needed to give formaldehyde
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CH3-OH
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Draw the condensed structural formula of the alcohol needed to make 3-methylcyclohexanone.
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Hexanol (6-carbon ring with OH at first carbon, and methyl group at carbon three)
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When a polar molecule (X---Y adds to a carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone, what is made?
Note: the x is + and y is - |
The carbon is attached to:
- (O-X) - Y - H - H |
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What does water do to a carbonyl?
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It breaks apart the double bond and then the carbon is attached to two OH groups.
A carbon that was once attached to 2 hydrogens and double bonded to a carbon would produce: - H - H - OH - OH |
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What is produced when a ketone or aldehyde reacts with an alcohol?
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They form an acetal.
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What does acetaldehyde and methyl alcohol produce?
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Acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal
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Hemiacetal
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The intermediate formed when one of the two alcohol molecules adds to the carbonyl carbon.
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What is the hemiacetal and acetal formed when acetaldehyde and methyl alcohol react?
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Hemiacetal: CH3-C-H with the carbon attached to an OH and a O-CH3
Acetal: Acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal |
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A molecule that contains a carbon atom attached to a hydroxyl group and an ethoxy group
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Hemiacetal
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The product that forms when two molecules of an alcohol add to an aldehyde.
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An acetal.
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