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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alkane Functional group |
Alkyl |
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Properties of Alkanes |
Non polar, non soluble, low reactivity |
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How do alkanes react with oxygen |
Complete (excess oxygen--> CO2 and water) or incomplete combustion (insufficient oxygen --> CO2 + CO + C + water) |
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How do alkanes react with halogens |
free radical substitution |
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What are the steps for free radical substitution |
initiation, propogation and termination |
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Initiation |
Produces radicals Cl-Cl --> (UV) Cl. + .Cl |
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Propogation |
Forms most of new product and radical Cl. + H-CH3 --> Cl-H + CH3. .CH3 + Cl-Cl --> CH3-Cl + Cl. |
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Termination |
Consumes radical Cl. + Cl. --> Cl-Cl Cl. + CH3. --> CH3-Cl CH3. + CH3. --> CH3-CH3 |
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Alkene functional group |
alkenyl |
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Properties of alkenes |
non polar, non soluble, more reactive than alkanes |
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hydrogenation |
addition of hydrogen to alkene (unsatrauted to saturated) in presense of nickel catalyst |
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Halogenation |
addition of halogen to alkene (unsaturated to dihalogenoalkane) on adjacent carbon atoms |
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Addition of hydrogen halides |
produces halogenoalkanes |
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Hydration |
reaction between steam and alkene in presence of sulfuric acid to form alcohols |
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Alkyne functional group |
alkynyl |
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Alkyne properties |
non polar, insoluble |
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Alcohol functional group |
hydroxyl |
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Alhocol properties |
polar, small chains soluble, forms hydrogen bonds, toxic |
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How does alcohol react in oxygen |
complete combustion |
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oxidation of primary alcohols |
oxidized by potassium dichromate and heat to form aldehydes and then carboxylic acid |
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how are aldehydes removed in oxidation |
distillation |
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how are carboxylic acids removed in oxidation |
reflux |
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oxidation of secondary alcohols |
oxidized by potassium dichromate to form ketones |
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alcohol+ carboxylic acid --> |
ester + water nucleophilic substitution reaction with sulfuric acid catalyst |
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Carboxylic acid functional group |
carboxyl |
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Carboxylic Acid properties |
very polar, forms hydrogen bonds, high bp, conducts electricity |
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Aldehyde functional group |
aldehyde |
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Aldehyde properties |
lower bp, forms hydrogen bonds with water, short chains soluble, larger chains smell better |
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Ketone functional group |
Ketone |
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Ketone properties |
hydrogen bonds with water, small chains soluble, lower bp |
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Ester functional group |
ester |
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ester properties |
somewhat polar, low bp, small chains soluble, voltile |
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Ether functional group |
ether |
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Ether properties |
slightly polar, hydrogen bonds with water, small chains soluble |
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Nitrile functional group |
cyano |
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Nitrile properties |
Very polar, hugh bp, soluble, strong dipole-dipole and van der Waals forces |
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Halogenoalkanae functional group |
halogeno |
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Halogenoalkane properties |
only small chains soluble |
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What makes halogenoalkanes reactive |
C-X bond (polar and strong) |
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product of substitution nucleophilic reation with halogenoalkane |
alcohols |
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Arene functional group |
phenyl |
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why are pi electrons delocalized in benzene |
bons have same length/strength, lower hydrogenation enthalpy, undergoes substitution reactions (doesn't pass bromine test) |
