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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbohydrates |
-Made of C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio) -Monossacharides, Disaccharides, Polyssacharides
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Why are Carbohydrates Important? |
-Main source of energy for most organisms -Provide structure to plants and animals |
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Monosaccharides |
-Simple or single sugars (monomers) -Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
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Glucose |
-C6H12O6 -The most common monosaccharide |
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Fructose |
-C6H12O6 -Found in corn syrups and fruits
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Galactose |
-Found in lactose |
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Isomers |
Molecules with the same molecular formula but have different molecular structures |
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Disaccharides |
-Two linked monosaccharides -Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose |
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Sucrose |
-Table sugar -Glucose + Fructose
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Lactose |
-Milk sugar -Glucose + Galactose |
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Maltose |
-Malt sugar -Glucose + Glucose |
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Polysaccharides |
-Long chain of monosaccharides -Energy store and structural polysaccharides |
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Energy Store Polysaccharides |
-Starch -Glycogen
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Structural Polysacharides |
-Cellulose -Chitin |
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Starch |
-Glucose storage in plants |
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Glycogen |
-Glucose storage in animals (found in liver and muscles)
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Cellulose (insoluble fiber) |
-Found in cell walls of plants -Indigestible for most animals |
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Chitin |
-Found in the outer coverings of insects, crabs and spiders |
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Lipids |
-Made of C, H, O (not a 1:21 ratio) -All lipids are non polar, hydrophobic and water insoluble. -Oils and Fats -Steroids |
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Why are lipids important? |
-Serve as structural components of biological membranes -Provide energy reserves, predominantly in the form of triglycerides -Both lipids and lipid derivatives serve as vitamins and hormones |
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Oils and Fats |
-Triglycerides -Phospholipids |
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Triglycerides |
-Three fatty acids joined by one molecule of glycerol (carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon chain) -Used for long term energy storage, thermal insulation, and protection -Can be saturated or unsaturated |
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats |
-Saturated fat = all single bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail (straight). Animal fats; solid at room temp -Unsaturated fat = presence of a double bond between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail (kink). Plant fats; liquid at room temp |
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Phospholipids |
-Two fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol and a phosphate group -Form plasma membranes around all cells
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Steroids |
-Four fused carbon rings -Different structure and function from other lipids -Cholesterol, sex hormones (Estrogen, Testosterone) |
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Proteins |
-Made of C, H, O, N -Monomers are amino acids (20 different amino acids)
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Why are proteins important? |
-Catalyzing reactions (enzymes) -Structure [keratin (hair, horns), collagen] -Movement (muscles) -Cell-to-cell communication (cell signaling) -Defense (antibodies) |
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Amino Acid Structure |
-All amino acids have similar structure -Amino group NH2 -Hydrogen H -Carboxyl group COOH -Side/Functional group R |
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Polypeptides |
-Chain of amino acids bonded together -Dehydration synthesis is responsible for this -Many polypeptides bond and fold to make a protein -A protein's function is determined by its 3-D folded structure |
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Enzymes |
-Proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy (increase rates of reaction) |
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How do enzymes work? |
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Denaturing |
1. Environmental conditions- temp, pH, etc.
2. Jello = Protein/Gelatin 3. Alls a rxn to occur which breaks down gelatin |
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Organic |
-molecules containing a carbon skeleton that is covalently bonded to hydrogen |
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Inorganic |
-Molecules that don't contain carbon |
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Shapes of organic molecules |
-Straight chain -Branched chain -Ring
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Types of Macromolecules |
-Carbohydrates -Lipids -Proteins -Nucleic acids |
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Monomers |
-The repeating subunits that compose a macromolecule |
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Polymers |
-A large molecule consisting of many monomers bonded together. This is another term for macromolecules |
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Dehydration Synthesis |
-How monomers bond to make a polymer |
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Hydrolysis |
-How polymers break down into monomers |
