Organic Chemistry

Front 1

Organic Chemistry

Back 1

Study of carbon compounds

Front 2

Biochemistry

Back 2

The study of the chemistry of living systems

Front 3

Alkanes

Back 3

Contain only single bonds
(C2H6)

Front 4

Alkenes

Back 4

Contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond
(C2H4)

Front 5

Alkynes

Back 5

Contain a carbon-carbon triple bond (C2H4)

Front 6

The names of Alkanes vary...

Back 6

according to the number of C atoms present in the chain and the ending is.../prefix

Hint 6

ending with -ane/ prefix shows number of carbon atoms

Front 7

A theory predicts that four bonds around each C atom have a _____ arrangement

Back 7

Tetrahedral arrangement,

Front 8

Branched-Chain hydrocarbons are possible for alkanes with

Back 8

four or more C atoms.

Front 9

Alkyl group

Back 9

a substituent group formed by removing an H atom from the alkane

Front 10

When two or more substituents are present

Back 10

list them in alphabetical order and

Hint 10

if they are the same, make sure you add a prefix like di-, ect.

Front 11

C-C and C-H bonds are...

Back 11

very strong, therefore, alkanes are..

Hint 11

very unreactive but can still undergo combustion and substitution reactions

Front 12

Combustion reactions with Alkanes always produce..

Back 12

Carbon dioxide and water

Front 13

Substitution reactions include

Back 13

an alkane with a halogen
General reaction is...R-H + X2 -> R-X + HX

Hint 13

R-H + X2 -> R-X + HX

Front 14

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Back 14

Alkenes, alkynes

Hint 14

alkynes

Front 15

Alkenes

Back 15

are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond.

Front 16

Alkynes

Back 16

are hydrocarbons with one or more triple bonds. the suffix is -yne instead of -ene for Alkenes

Front 17

Dominant reaction for alkenes and alkynes

Back 17

addition reactions.
(involve the addition of something to the two atoms that form the double bond)

Front 18

Hydrogenation

Back 18

requires high temperatures and pressures as well as the presence of a catalyst

The alkene is converted to an to alkane

Front 19

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Back 19

formally related to Benzine (C6H6)
Benzene is planar symmetrical
delocalized double bonds are represented by a circle
not reactive because delocalized bonds provide stability

although they have double bonds, they undergo substitution reactions (In a substitution reaction, one atom of a molecule is removed and replaced or substituted by another atom or group of atoms. Example: If benzene is treated with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid (catalyst), nitrobenzene is produced.)
WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT THESE

Front 20

Hydrocarbons are generally...

Back 20

unreactive. For it to be reactive...it notes something additional....a functional group

Front 21

Functional Groups

Back 21

determine the chemestry of a molocule

Front 22

List all the functional groups

Back 22

Alcohols, aldehydes, Either, Carboxylic Acids, Amines, Keytones

Front 23

Alcohols

Back 23

R-Oh: are derived from hydrocarbons and contain -oh groups
The nmes are derived from the hydrocarbon name, with -ol replacing the -ane suffix

Give real life examples of Alcohols

Hint 23

ETHANOL <- FROM FERMENTATION
CHOLESTEROL <- PHYCOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT

Front 24

Ethers

Back 24

R-O-R'
Compounds in which two hydrocarbons are linked by an oxygen atom

A condensation reaction

Hint 24

involves the removal of water molocule rom two molecules of alchol.

Front 25

Ethers can be used as...

Back 25

solvents

Front 26

Aldehydes

Back 26

must have at least one H atom attached to the carbonyl C:
R–CHO

Front 27

Keytones

Back 27

must have two C atoms attached to the carbonyl C:
R–COR′

Hint 27

Aldehydes and ketones are prepared by the oxidation of alcohols.
Ketones are less reactive than aldehydes and are used as solvents.

Front 28

Carboxylic Acids

Back 28

contain a carbonyl group with an –OH attached.
• The carboxyl functional group is –COOH:
R–COOH
• Common names of carboxylic acids reflect their origins (e.g., formic acid was first extracted from ants, the Latin formica means “ant”).
• Carboxylic acids are generally weak acids.
• Typical carboxylic acids are found in spinach (oxalic acid), vinegar (acetic acid), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), and citrus fruits (citric acid).
• Carboxylic acids can be prepared by oxidizing alcohols that contain a –CH2OH group.
• Example: Oxidation of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) to acetic acid (CH3COOH) is responsible for the souring of wines.
• Acetic acid can be prepared by reacting methanol with CO in the presence of a catalyst.
• This kind of reaction is called carbonylation.

Front 29

Amines

Back 29

are organic bases

Hint 29

alcohol is to water as amines are to ammonia

Front 30

Esters

Back 30

can be prepared by condensation reactions involving a carboxylic acid and an alcohol; the products are ester and water

Hint 30

Esters contain -COOR groups
A\Esters are named using the alcohol part first and then the acid part, are used as flavorings, and in presence of acid or base, they hydrolyze (split up into acid and alcohol)

Front 31

Tetrahedral arrangement, meaning each C atom has ____ orbitals and ____ is relatively easy

Back 31

Sp3 hybridized orbitals
rotation about the C-C bond in alkanes