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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alkyl Halide (R-X) reactions
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Nucleophilic subsitution and elimination
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Typical Alkyl Halide (R-X) reactions
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Halide + Strong Base (NaOH)
2 types of products formed - Alcohols through substitution - Alkenes through elimination |
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Methods of nucleophilic substitution of an Alkyl halide
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Sn1 (2 Step)
Sn2 (1 Step) |
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Alkyl Halides that undergo Sn1 reactions
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Tertiary and Secondary
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Alkyl Halide that undergo Sn2 reactions
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Secondary and Primary
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Alkyl Halide that undergo BOTH Sn1 and Sn2 reactions
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Secondary
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Reactions with Alcohols
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* React with active metals to form alkoxides
* Conversion to alkyl halides (HX + SOCl2) * Acid catalysed dehydration to alkene * Oxidation - Primary alcohol oxidised to aldehyde - Secondary alcohol oxidised to ketone - Tertiary alcohols DO NOT OXIDISE |
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Method for substitution of OH with a halogen
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Tertiary alcohols replaced via Sn1 reaction
Primary alcohols replaced via Sn2 reaction Reagents (H-X + SOCl2 - Thionyl Chloride) |
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Method for dehydration of alcohol
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Acid catalysed (H2SO4 or H3PO4)
Produces alkene Follows Zaitsevs rule for major product. |
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Methods for oxidation of alcohol
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Chromic acid (H2CrO4) - Oxidises both primary and secondary alcohols
Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PCC) only oxidises primary alcohols. |
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Reagents - H3PO4 or H2SO4
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Beta elimination of alcohol. Forms alkene.
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Reagents - K2Cr2O7 or H2CrO4
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Oxidation of alcohol. Primary to aldehyde, secondary to ketone.
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Reagents - PCC
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Oxidation of alcohol. Primary to aldehyde ONLY!
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Reagents - SOCl2 (Thionyl Chloride) or H-X (Halogenated hydrogen)
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Formation of alkyl halide from alcohol.
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Reagents - NaOH
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Dehalogenation of alkyl halide.
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Method - Oxidation of aldehydes
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CrO3 + Acid
Produces carboxylic acid. Ketones do NOT oxidise |
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Grignard reagents
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Add "R" groups to aldehydes/ ketones.
RMgX One bond from C=O breaks, everything left of Mg attaches. O bonds with H to form alcohol. |
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Method - Reduction of aldehyde or ketone
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NaBH4
or LiAlH4 - Also reduces carboxylic acids |
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Order of boiling points, similar molecular weighrs
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Acid>Alcohol>Ketone>Aldehyde>Ester>Alkane
Boiling point increases with molecular weight |
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Reactions with amines
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Proton acceptor
React with strong acids or H-X to form ammonium salts. |
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Alcohols oxidize to form...
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Aldehydes / Ketones THEN carboxylic acids.
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Carboxylic acid derivatives
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Acid halide (..Yl halide)
Amide Ester (..Oate) Acid anhydride |
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Reduction of Esters
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LiAlH4 - Produces 2 alcohols (Main C=O alcohol and R group attached to single bonded O - Leaving group)
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Esterification
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Reaction of carboxylic acid + alcohol / HCl
Alcohol joins carboxylic acid |
