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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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electrons stay closer to one atom more than the other
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polar covalent bond
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different atom connectivity but same formula
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constitutional isomers
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total # of electrons in both orbitals is no more than 2 with opposite spin
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valence bond theory
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linear combination of atomic orbitals
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LCAO
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delocalization of electrons; more = more stability
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resonance structures
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mixing of electrons by promoting to higher level
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hybridization
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more stable; less repulsive forces from steric hindrance: 60 degrees between
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staggered conformation
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staggered conformation after 60 degree rotation
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eclipsed conformation
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the ability of a solvent to separate oppositely charged ions
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dielectric constant
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up & up; down & down
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cis
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up & down; most stable
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trans
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2n + 2 - hydrogens / 2
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degree of unsaturation
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substituents close to each other (1 carbon over)
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viscinal
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2 rings attached by 1 carbon
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spirocyclic
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OH2 +
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alkyloxonium intermediate
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loves the nucleus/ protons; negatively charged
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nucleophile
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loves electrons; positively charged
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electrophile
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ease with which arrangement of electrons around an atom is distorted by an electric field
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polarization
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more alkyl groups = more stable
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inductive effect
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overlap of unhybridized p-orbital with adjacent orbital
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hyperconjugation
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solvents that share ion dissolving power but lack an acidic hydrogen (H+)
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polar aprotic solvent
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solvents that share ion dissolving power with aprotic solvents and have an acidic hydrogen (H+)
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polar protic solvent
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uneven distribution of electrons
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heterolytic bond cleavage
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even distribution of electrons
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homolytic bond cleavage
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alkyl shift or hydride shift
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rearrangement
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objects that are NOT superimposable on its mirror image
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chiral
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objects that ARE superimposable on its mirror image
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achiral
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a carbon with 4 different groups attached to it
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stereogenic
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non-superimposable mirror images
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enantiomers
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the ability of a chiral molecule to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light
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optical activity (OA)
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50:50 mixture of enantiomers
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racemic mixture
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clockwise (+)
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dextrorotatory
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counterclockwise (-)
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levorotatory
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stereoisomers that are NOT enantiomers
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diastereomers
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a chiral receptor selectively reacts with one of the pair of enantiomers, but not the other
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chiral recognition
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chemical organisms that are released to communicate with each other
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pheromones
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muscolure
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sex attractant of fly
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separating a pair of enantiomers into diastereomers with chiral resolving agent
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resolution
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where leaving group is directly located
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alpha
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alkene formed in greatest amount is the one that corresponds to the removal of H's from the betacarbon with the fewest H's
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Zaitsev's rule
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reactions that can occur in more than 1 direction but is preferred in only 1 direction
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regioselectivity
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1 starting material can give 2 or more isomeric products but gives 1 in a greater amount (trans>cis)
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stereoselectivity
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mechanism can make different products from different reactants
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sterospecificity
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numerical value for each molecule; if both values cancel out to 0, it was a racemic mixture
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polarimeter value
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the amount of heat liberated when a compound is burned completely
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heat of combustion
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any species with one or more unpaired electrons
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free radical
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the amount of energy needed to break a bond in a homolytic manner
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bond dissociation energy
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the fragmentation of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones
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cracking
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