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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Citramalic (methylmalic) acid
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YEAST: byproduct of Saccharomyeces & Propionibacterium acnes; analog of malic acid so thought to interfere w/ its prod in Krebs Cycle
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5-hydorxymethyl-2-furoic acid
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YEAST: byproduct of Aspergillus and other fungi/yeast
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3-oxoglutaric acid
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YEAST: analog of 2-oxoglutaric acid (alpha-ketoglutaric) acid {2 can be low when 3 is high}; byproduct of lysine/tryp; high in brain malformation; found in autism
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Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid
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YEAST: byproduct of fungus Aspergillus and other fungi/yeast
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Furancarbonylglycine
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YEAST: conjugate of furancarboxylic acid & glycine
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Tartaric (hydroxymalic acid)
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YEAST: toxic metab of Saccharomyces used in baking/brewing; Shown to decrease dramatically after use of antifungals; found in grapes/food additive/cream of tartar
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Arabinose
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YEAST: Pentose; Arabitol produced by Candida spp is produced in GI tract and absorbed into portal circulation, converted to arabinose by liver, then released into circulation; Arabinose is major sugar in apples, grapes, pears- so must be avoided 24 hrs prior to collection
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Carboxycitric
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YEAST: Analog of Citric Acid; may interfere w/ metab of citric acid in Kreb's Cycle
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2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
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BACTERIA: metab of tyrosine prod by overgrowth of several spp bacteria in GI tract
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4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
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BACTERIA: metab of tyrosine by bacteria; high in Celiac Dz, enteritis, intestinal restrix
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HPHPA
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BACTERIA: Produced by Clostridia, including C. difficile; elevated in autism, depression, schizophrenia, seizures, chronic fatigue syndrome; reduced by treatment w. Vancomycine, Flagyl (Metronidazole), herbal Biocidin and probiotics
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VMA analog
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BACTERIA: derivitives of tyrosine made by Clostridia; may divert the conversion of tyrosine to D & NE; elevated in autism, depression, shizophrenia, seizures, CFS; reduced by tmt w/ Vancomycin, Flagyl, Biocidin, probiotics
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HVA
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NT: Metabolite of Dopamine; elevated in neuroblastoma, ganglioblastoma, pheochromacytoma; elevated due to L-DOPA or IV Dopamine
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VMA
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NT: elevated in pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, carcinoid tumors; elevated after catecholamine L-DOPA
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5-hydroxyindolacetic acid
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NT: metab of tryp elevated in carcinoid syndrome, celiac sprue, tropical sprue; Whipple's dz, oat cell carcinoma of the bronchus and bronchial adenoma of carcinoid type; elevated w/ intake of walnuts, bananas, avocados, eggplants, pineapples, plums, tomatoes. Low in depressive illnesses, SI resection, mastocytosis, PKU, & Harnup's dz
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Pyroglutamic acid
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TOXIC INDICATOR:
metab of glutathione; extremely elevated in pyroglutamic acidurea and use of Flucloxacillin and Netelmicin; Low in glutathione depletion after oxidative stress or after exposure to toxic solvents or pesticides such as chloroform, DDT, or polybrominated biphenyls (PBB's) & polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's). |
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Orotic acid
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TOXIC INDICATOR:
MC associated w/ ammonia toxicity; when ammonia is elevated it is biochemically converted to carbamyl phosphate and the orotic acid; elevated ammonia in liver toxicity, viral liver infxn, Gi bleeding, portal systemic shunting of blood, drug toxicity, Reye's Syndrome, inborn errors of metabolism; Elevated orotic acid also found in leukemias and lymphomas, possibly due to increased production of pyrimidines |
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Hydroxyhippuric acid
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TOXIC INDICATOR: Conjugate of glycine and hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid); elevated due to use of aspirin (salicylates) or due to growth of GI bacteria prod salicylates; increased after ingestion of artificial sweetener aspartame
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Succinic acid
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KREB'S CYCLE: elevated due to deficiency in Riboflavin
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Fumaric acid
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KREB'S CYCLE: prod by dehydrogenation of succinic acid by enzyme succinic acid dehydrogenase
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2-oxoglutaric acid
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KREB'S CYCLE: (alpha-ketoglutaric acid- AKG); my be dreived from conversion of glutamic acid to 2-oxoglutaric by deamination or transamination; very low values me sometimes be encountered in CFS; anecdotal reports indicate that autistic symptoms sometimes improve w/ AKG supplementation in response to low values of this metabolite
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Aconitc, citric acids
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KREB'S CYCLE: elevated in deficiency of glutathione since the enzyme aconitase requires glutathione to metabolize aconitic to citric acid
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3-hydroxybutyric, acetoacetic acids
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FA METAB: ketones derived excessive FA oxidation may be elevated due to fasting or starvation, DM, use of high fat (ketogenic) diets and in several genetic dz
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Ethylmalonic, methylsuccinic, adipic, suberic, sebacic acids
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FA METAB: elevated in ketosis, fasting, def of fat-transporting molecule carnitine, genetic def of FA metab and genetic dz multiple acyl dehydrogenase def, excessive intake of adipic acid-containing foods such as Jell-O & by increased intake of foods containing medium chain tryglycerides such as coconut oil. Isolated high values of adipic acid only may be found in pts w/ ADD, lethargy & seizures
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Intervention for high levels of FA oxidation metabolites: adipate, suberate, ethylmalonate
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L-Carnitine, 500-1000mg TID
L-Lysine (if low), 500 mg TID; B2, 100mg BID |
