Organelles

Front 1

each cell performs what functions necessary to sustain life?

Back 1

1. obtain nutrients
2. excrete
3. replicate
4. maintain homeostasis

Front 2

somatic cells

Back 2

all cells exept sex cells

Front 3

sex cells

Back 3

ova and sperm. each has 23 chromasomes

Front 4

all cells share what three major parts?

Back 4

1. plasma (cell) membrane
2. cytoplasm with organelles
3. nucleus

Front 5

cytoplasm

Back 5

material located inside the cell membrane excluding the nucleus

Front 6

cytosol

Back 6

intracellular fluid that contains nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products.

Front 7

organelles

Back 7

miniature cell organs that have specific functions.

Front 8

cytosol has a___concentration of K and a ___ concentration of Na

Back 8

cytosol has a high concentration of K and a low concentration of Na

Front 9

extracellular fluid has a ___ concentration of K and a ___ concentration of Na

Back 9

extracellular fluid has a low concentration of K and a high concentration of Na

Front 10

inclusions

Back 10

masses of insoluble material in cytosol

Front 11

examples of nonmembraneous organelles

Back 11

cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, flagella, ribosomes

Front 12

examples of membraneous organelles

Back 12

E.R., golgi apparatus,lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, nucleus,

Front 13

cytoskeleton

Back 13

internal protein framework, lends to strength and flexibility to cytoplasm

Front 14

microfilaments

Back 14

thin filaments that connect to integral proteins of the plasma membrane

Front 15

actin

Back 15

protein in thin filaments, forms the bulk of thin filaments

Front 16

intermediate filaments

Back 16

insoluble and mostly durable, provide strength and stability and prevent cells from being torn.

Front 17

thick filament

Back 17

comprised of myosin subunits and only found in muscle cells. myosin subunits interact with a actin subunits for muscle cell contraction.

Front 18

microtubules

Back 18

hollow tubules are the largest components of the cytoskeleton. stuctural components of centrioles, cilia, and flagella

Front 19

organelles move along microtubules like a _____. microtubules are needed for the cell to ___ ___.

Back 19

monorail
change shape

Front 20

tubuin

Back 20

globular prtein that make microtubules

Front 21

microvilli

Back 21

small finger like projections of the cell membrane. increase cells surface area

Front 22

centrioles

Back 22

paired organelles of cylindrical structure made of microtubules. necessary for cell division. not in cells that do not duplicate.

Front 23

centrosome

Back 23

cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles. the center of the cytoskeleton where microtubules originate and radiate from during nuclear division.

Front 24

cilia

Back 24

hair like cellular extentions. beat rhythmically in a coordinated action.

Front 25

flagella

Back 25

long tail like made of microtubules. uses a corkscrew whip like motion

Front 26

ribosomes

Back 26

manufacture proteins. 60% RNA 40% protein

Front 27

free ribosomes

Back 27

not bound to ER. manufacture proteins for the cytosol

Front 28

fixed ribosomes

Back 28

bound to the ER to make rough ER. proteins made here enter the ER where they are modified and packaged for secretion.

Front 29

proteosomes

Back 29

recycling center. contain proteases. if a cytoplasmic protein has the "recycle tag" ubiquitin then it is digested and reused for new proteins.

Front 30

cisternae

Back 30

tubular chamber in ER and golgi apparatus

Front 31

smooth ER

Back 31

no ribosomes attached. synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates. detoxifies drugs and toxins in liver and kidney cells.

Front 32

rough ER

Back 32

ribosomes attach to RER and send synthesized protein into cisternae. they are then processed into secondary and tertiary structures.

Front 33

golgi apparatus

Back 33

gets modified and packaged products to where they are supposed to be. "FedEx" organelles.

Front 34

transport vessicles

Back 34

come from ER and contain products to be further modified by the golgi apparatus

Front 35

forming face

Back 35

side of the golgi apparatus that faces the ER and receives transport vesicles.

Front 36

maturing face

Back 36

side of the golgi apparatus that faces the cell membrane

Front 37

secretory vesicles

Back 37

contain contents that are to be secreted. pinch off the maturing face of the golgi apparatus and bind to the cell membrane to expell contents.

Front 38

primary lysosomes

Back 38

vesicles from the golgi apparatus that contain inactive enzymes.

Front 39

3 functions of the golgi apparatus

Back 39

1. modify, package, and transport secretions
2. renews or modifies cell membrane
3. packages special enzymes within vesicles for use in cytosol.

Front 40

functions of the ER can include

Back 40

1. synthesis
2. storage
3. transport
4. detoxification

Front 41

lysosomes

Back 41

digestive enzyme filled vesicles from the golgi apparatus that clean up and recycle materials for the cell. kill bacteria and clean up old or damaged organelles. "demolition crew"

Front 42

secondary lysosome

Back 42

the product of a primary lysosome fused with a damaged organelle. enzymes of primary lisosomes become activated.

Front 43

autolysis

Back 43

lysosomes destroy the organelles and proteins of the cell.

Front 44

lysosomal storage diseases

Back 44

patient lacks

Front 45

Lysosomol storage diseases

Back 45

patient lacks a specific lysosomal enzyme this causes a build-up of materials normally digested

Front 46

Tay- Sachs Disease

Back 46

example of lysosomol storage disease. Inability to break down glycolipids

Front 47

peroxisomes

Back 47

come from sub-division of existing peroxisomes, are smaller than lysosomes

Front 48

H2O2

Back 48

a free radical and toxic to the cell other enzmes in the perixisome break down the H2O2 into H2O+O

Front 49

mitochondria

Back 49

energy generator of the cell, contains its own DNA

Front 50

cristae

Back 50

inner membrane folds of mitochondria needed to hold lots of coenzymes and cytochromes for oxidative phosphorylation

Front 51

matrix

Back 51

fluid inside mitochondria where the TCA or krebs cycle occurs

Front 52

mitochondrial energy production

Back 52

generate ATP through the breakdown of glucose and other carbon sources (amino acids and fatty acids)

Front 53

glycolysis

Back 53

anaerobic resperation that occurs in cytosol, glucose is converted to pyruvic acid only 2 to 4 ATP yielded from one glucose in glycolysis

Front 54

Aerobic Metabolism

Back 54

requires O2, Carbon source, an initial ATP

Front 55

Nucleous

Back 55

the control center of the cell, cells that are anucleated are mammalian mature red blood cells, calls that are multinucleated are skeletal muscle cells and ostioclasts

Front 56

Nuclear membrane

Back 56

double membrane around nucleus

Front 57

Perinuclear Space

Back 57

space between the two membranes of the nucleus

Front 58

Nuclear Pores

Back 58

holes in the nuclear membrane for chemical communication between nucleus and cytosol

Front 59

Nuclearplasm

Back 59

fluid contents of nucleus with ions, nucleotides, DNA, and small amounts of RNA

Front 60

Nuclear Matrix

Back 60

fine filaments for structural support

Front 61

Nucleolus

Back 61

composed of RNA enzymes and histones prominent in cells that manufacture large amounts of proteins

Front 62

Histones

Back 62

proteins DNA coils around to allow for a large amount of DNA to be packed in a small space

Front 63

Chromosomes

Back 63

DNA that contains instruction for protein synthesis, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

Front 64

Nucleosome

Back 64

organized packet of 8 histones with DNA wrapped around it

Front 65

chromatin

Back 65

loosely coiled chromosomal material usually found in non-dividing cells

Front 66

chromatid

Back 66

copy of a chromosome hyper-coiled seen during meiosis and mitosis

Front 67

centromere

Back 67

coupling structure that joins two chromatids

Front 68

kinetochore

Back 68

protein that surrounds the centromere, hook up for microtubule spindals