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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell membrane |
double layer of lipids that forms a protective barrier around the cell |
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Nucleus |
control centre of a cell |
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Ribosomes |
small, dense‐looking protein assembly devices that attaches to rough ER or free incytoplasm |
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Cytoplasm |
jelly‐like substances that fill the cell and contain nutrients required by cell |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
small tubes that carries materials through the cell |
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions |
ER that produces fats and oils |
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions |
ER that produces proteins |
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Golgi apparatus |
receives protein from the endoplasmic reticulum that modifies, sorts, andpackages proteins for delivery throughout the cell |
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Lysosomes |
organelles filled with enzymes where digestion takes place |
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Vacuoles/vesicles |
membrane‐bound organelles that store nutrients, wastes, and othersubstances |
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Mitochondria |
source of energy that converts chemical energy in sugar into usable energy |
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Cytoskeleton |
internal network of fibres made up of protein filaments that helps main cell's shape |
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Centrioles |
paired structures involved in cell divison |
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Cell wall |
rigid frame around cell that provides strength, protection, support |
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Chloroplasts |
organelles with chlorophyll |
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Difference between plant and animal cells |
Plant: chlorophyll, cell wall, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, larger vacuole, store more energy in theform of starch/oils Animal: centrioles, lysosomes, flagella, smaller vacuole, store energy in form of glycogen(carbs)/lipids (fats) |
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Cell membrane |
membrane that separates intracellular substances from non‐living surroundings(extracellular) |
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Why do cells divide? |
• Growth • Repair • Reproduction • Maintenance |
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Interphase |
Preparation for cell division, where 90% of time is spent Takes in nutrients, grows, normal functions |
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Phases of growth |
First Growth Phase (G1)• Cell synthesizes copy of DNA • Key proteins associated with chromosomes produced Synthesis Phase (S) • Cell produces organelles and structures for cell division • Shortest Interphase stage Second Growth Phase (G2) • Cell produces organelles and structures for cell division • Shortest Interphase stage |
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Mitosis |
replication of nucleus |
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Prophase |
• Nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate • Centrioles begin to move to each pole (opposite ends) • Chromosomes (TWO CHROMATIDS) condense and become visible • Spindle fibres + microtubules begin to form |
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Metaphase |
• Chromosomes line up along equator (middle) of a cell ○ Connect centromere of each chromosome to pole • Spindle fibres complete and extend from pole to middle of cell |
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Anaphase |
• Centromeres split • Sister chromatids move away from each others• Microtubules "shorten" and pull chromosomes to each pole |
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Telophase |
• Each set of chromosomes lengthen & tangle • 2 nuclear membranes form |
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Cytokinesis |
division of cytoplasm into 2 new cells |
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Death of a Cell |
Necrosis ‐ death of a cell due to an unintentional injury/damage Apoptosis ‐ death of a cell because it is no longer useful |
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Cancer cell |
cell that divides uncontrollably |
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Animal Tissues |
Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue |
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Plant Tissues |
Meristematic tissue Epidermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissues |
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Resolution, Magnification, Contrast |
• Magnification ‐ process of enlarging an object • Resolution ‐ ability to distinguish two objects that are close • Contrast ‐ ability to distinguish light objects from dark objects |
