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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Importance of cell body (of neuron)
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Contains genetic and metabolic machinery for neurotransmitter synthesis and organelles. Vital.
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Axon
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Propagates action potentials.
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Dendrites
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Axons of other neurons input signaling factors and neurotransmitters to dendrites.
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Synapse
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Space between axon terminal and neuron or other target tissue. Can occur on cell bodies, dendrites, or axons.
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Nomenclature for Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) cell bodies and axons
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Cell Body = Ganglion
Axon = Nerve |
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Nomenclature for Central Nervous System (CNS) cell bodies and axons
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Cell Body = Nucleus
Axon = Tract |
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All neurons in the PNS are surrounded by ________
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Glia (Schwann cells)
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Function of Schwann cells
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Surrounds (wraps around) all peripheral nerve axons and cell bodies. Thick layer of phospholipids = myelination. Protective.
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Gaps between cells where there is no myelination.
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What is Laminin?
Where found? |
Glycoprotein that promotes growth and regeneration of axons and glia. Found in basement membrane.
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Which type of connective tissue surrounds:
A) whole nerve B) fascicles of nerve fibers C) surrounds individual axons |
A) Epineurium
B) Perineurium C) Endoneurium |
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Forms a protein interface between Schwann cells and endoneurium.
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Basement membrane
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What type of cells secrete the protein matrix that makes up the basement membrane?
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Schwann cells
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Clusters of axons targeting single muscles or cutaneous (skin) regions are called __________
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Nerve fascicles
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T or F?
A single nerve has one or many fascicles that all innervate the same muscle or region. |
F
A nerve can have fascicles that separate out as individual nerves (ie femoral). But True that nerves can have one or many fascicles. |
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Nervi nervorum
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Bundles of axons innervating the CT layers of nerves (endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium)
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Vasa nervorum
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local blood vessels to CT, axons and glia in nerves
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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Demyelination of mostly motor fibers by auto-immune response to infection, surgery or immunization. Affects the PNS.
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A demyelination disease that affects the CNS.
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Negative symptoms of neuropathy
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Loss of sensation, muscle weakness, and atrophy.
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Positive symptoms of neuropathy
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Parasthesia (burning, tingling, tightness, or pins and needles)
Hyperalgesia (exaggerated pain perception in response to a normally painless stimulus) |
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Causes of neural disease due to damage to axons or glial cells
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Diabetes, kidney failure, chronic alcoholism, nutritional deficiency, auto-immune disease, trauma
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Why is painful tingling the first sign of recovery from injury due to temporary compression of nerves?
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Slow conducting pain neurons are the first to recover from anoxia.
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What part of the neuron is necessary for nerve regeneration?
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Cell body.
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Axon plus Schwann cells (but not basement membrane), distal to injury undergo __________ and ________________
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Degeneration and Phagocytosis
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Which part of nerve regenerates by branching ("sprouting")?
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Axon proximal to injury
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What guides the axons during "sprouting"?
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Schwann cells create basement membrane tunnels (using laminin) that lead toward the target neurons. Axons sprout branches into these tunnels.
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Why is CNS re-growth minimal?
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Absence of basement membrane.
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Major neurite-promoting glycoprotein component of the basement membrane that is increased on the surface of Schwann cells and the luminal face of basement membrane following injury.
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Laminin
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Nerve growth factor (NGF) re-establishes connections. It is secreted by _________ cells and __________ cells.
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Schwann cells and target cells.
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What role do macrophages play in nerve regeneration?
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Helps to remove debris, specifically myelin and the damaged axon, from the distal injury site. Cleaning or clearing process before nerve regeneration that essentially prepares the distal stump for reinnervation.
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The H-shaped region in the spinal cord, with cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal axons.
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The gray matter, composed of ventral and dorsal horns.
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What causes white color of white matter of spinal cord?
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Myelin, the glial cells surrounding many axons, "whitens" the tissue.
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______________ pass longitudinally along spinal cord.
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Axons
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The spinal nerve is composed of bundles of axons that come from _________________________.
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Cell bodies in the ventral and dorsal horns
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Cluster of cell bodies of sensory neurons
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Dorsal root ganglion
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What does pseudo-unipolar mean?
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It contains an axon that has split into two branches; one branch runs to the periphery and the other to the spinal cord. Pseudounipolar neurons do not have dendrites.
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Dorsal ramus innervates
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deep back muscles and overlying skin
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Ventral ramus innervates
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remaining muscles, skin, etc.
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
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What structure runs perpendicular to peripheral nerves, and is connected to peripheral nerves by gray and white rami.
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Sympathetic ganglia
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