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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are the lesions of aspiration pneumonias?
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cranioventral
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What are multifocal "spotty" pneumonias called? How are they spread?
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Embolic or granulomatous. Hematogenous spread.
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What does thiamine deficiency cause?
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polioencephalomalacia
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What can clostridium sporogenes make?
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Thiaminase
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What causes big blood spots on a brain?
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thrombotic menigoencephalitis
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What causes thrombotic meningoencephalitis?
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histophilus somni
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How does histophilus somni get to the brain?
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Inhaled through respiratory tract, invades macrophages, leukocytic trafficking to brain.
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What virus causes cerebellar hypoplasia in calves?
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pestivirus(bovine viral diarrheal virus)
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What cells are infected in cerebellar hypoplasia?
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External germinal layer
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What primary viruses cause shipping fever?
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IBR, PI3, BRSV
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What does the damage in mannheimia hemolytica?
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leukotoxin- kills macrophages and neutrophils
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What viruses are primary causes of enzootic pneumonia?
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PI-3, BRSV, adenoviruses, BHV-1, reoviruses, phiniviruses, mycoplasmas
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What are the secondary agents in enzootic pneumonia?
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pasteurella multocida, arcanobacterium pyogenes, histophilus somni, e. coli
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What happens in the primary phase of enzootic pneumonia?
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necrotizing bronchiolitis, necrosis of type 1 pneumocytes, hyperplasia of type 2 pneumocytes, interstitial and alveolar edema
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What happens in the secondary phase of enzootic pneumonia?
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suppurative bronchopneumonia, pulmonary abscesses
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What is red nose really called?
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Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
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What causes IBR?
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bovine herpes virus-1 BHV-1. synergizes with mannheimia hemolytica
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What causes white muscle disease?
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Vitamin E, selenium deficiency
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What happens due to vitamin e deficiency in white muscle disease?
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failure of antioxidants to eliminate free radical, leading to membrane lipid peroxidation.
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what bacteria is often associated with liver abscesses? where does it come from?
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fusobacterium necrophorum. from rumen.
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What causes bacillary hemoglobinuria?
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clostridium hemolyticum
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What allows spores to grow in bacillary hemoglobinuria?
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migration of flukes creating areas of low oxygen tension
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What toxin does lostridium hemolyticum create?
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phospholipase C
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What is west nile, etc?
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equine polioencepalomyelitis
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Which cells are favorite of distemper?
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lymphoid, epithelial, CNS, eye
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How is the distemper virus spread?
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By macrophases, leukocytic trafficking to lymph nodes
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What happens to the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disk disease?
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in young dogs there is a genetically programmed metaplastic change of the nucleus pulposus, resulting in replacement with cartilage. in older dogs it's a gradual fibrous metaplasia that changes the nucleus pulposus
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How do meningiomas effect adjacent tissues?
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Can be invasive. Cause pressure atrophy of nerve tissue. Cause hyperostosis of overlying bone
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Where do astrocytomas usually appear?
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cerebral hemispheres (temporal and piriform lobes, thalamus-hypothalamus, midbrain)
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What are the two tumors of the choroid plexus?
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Papilloma and carcinoma
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What are signs of a choroid plexus tumor?
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behavioral changes, ataxia, paresis, seizures, circling, abnormal cranial nerve and proprioceptive reflexes.
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Where do ependymomas usually arise?
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Lateral ventricle. Occasionally third and fourth ventricles and central canal. an metastasize to subarachnoid space.
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WHICH TUMOR MOST OFTEN METASTASIZES TO BRAIN?
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Mammary gland carcinoma
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Which sarcoma most often metastasizes to brain?
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hemangiosarcoma of heart, liver, spleen
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Where do hemangiosarcomas like to go in brain?
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gray matter-white matter interface (look black in fixed specimen)
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Which nerves are usually effected by peripheral nerve sheath tumors in dogs?
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trigeminal and spinal nerve roots
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What kind of pneumonia results from mycotic infections in cats and dogs?
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multifocal granulomatous pneumonias
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What defines hydrothorax?
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a fluid that is serous, clear, odorless
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What causes hydrothorax?
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Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure (liver disease) or obstruction of lymph drainage (neoplasia)
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What can be a consequence of hydrothorax?
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Pleural irritation, mesothelial hyperplasia, fibrosis.
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What is chylothorax?
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Accumulation of lymph rich in triglycerides in the thoracic cavity.
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What causes chylothorax?
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Rupture of major lymph vessels, usually thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct. (trauma, congenital lymph vessel anomalies, fungal infections, dirofilariasis, iatrogenic rupture of thoracic duct during surgery.
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Does chylothorax cause any damage to the surface of the pericardial sac?
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No, it doesn't adhere to it like suppurative and fibrinous exudates do.
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What bacteria can cause suppurative pleuritis? (pyothorax)
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haemophilus parasuis, streptococcus suis, pasteurella multocida, strep equi, strep zoo, e. coli, mycoplasma
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What can cause pyothorax?
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pneumonia, rup[tured lung abscess, bite wounds.
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What bacteria can cause pyogranulomatous pleuritis?
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Nocardia, actinomyces, bacteroides
or mixed bacterial infections (arcanobacterium pyogenes, pasteurella multocida and fusobacterium necrophorum |
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What are the features of pyogranulomatous pleuritis?
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tomato soup-like, brown with yellow flecks- sulfur granules
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What feline disease has pyogranulomatous pleuritis?
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FIP (dry form) Wet form has pleural effusion.
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What allows bacteria in to cause pyogranulomatous pleuritis?
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bite wounds, foriegn material
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What characterizes an osteogenic sarcoma?
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It's white to gray, hard solid nodule with bone spicules in it.
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What do metastatic carcinomas of the lung look like?
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They have umbilicated centers
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What does lymphoma look like?
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smooth texture and gray color
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What are common features of cardiomyopathies?
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cardiomegaly, mural thrombosis on left side, maybe myocardial fibrosis
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What do many cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy also have?
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Saddle thrombi
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Which cardiomyopathy is inherited?
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Dilated or congestive cardiomyopathy. (autosomal or x-linked recessive)
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What is a common characteristic of dilated cardiomyopathy?
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double apex, rounded heart, chambers have a diffusely white, thickened endocardium
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What are the two types of endocarditis?
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vegetative valvular and verrucous valvular
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What bacteria cause endocarditis?
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e.coli, strep, erisipelothrix rhusiopathiae, corynebacterium
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Where do small animals tend to get endocarditis?
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mitral valve
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What are some common causes of bacteremia leading to endocarditis?
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tail docking, peridontal disease,. gingivitis, dermatitis
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What does endocardiosis look like?
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nodular white contracted valve leaflets.
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What happens when hemangiosarcomas rupture?
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In spleen- hemoperitoneum
In heart-cardiac tamponade |
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What happens to the liver with cirrhosis?
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Architecture is alterred by loss of hepatic parenchyma and formation of tracts of fibrous connective tissue. There is regeneration of hepatic tissue between fibrous bands leading to variably sized regenerative nodules.
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What causes infectious canine hepatitis?
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canine adenovirus 1
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What are the lesions connected with infectious canine hepatitis?
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widespread petechiae and ecchymoses, ascites, fibrin on liver, enlargement of tonsils and lymph nodes
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How do dogs contract infectious canine hepatitis?
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oral contact with urine of other dogs
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What does infectious canine hepatitis do to the eyes?
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causes immune complex uveitis that degenerates the corneal endothelium and causes blue eye
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WHat causes the damage in pancreatitis?
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trypsin
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What causes pancreatitis?
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obstruction of ducts by ascarids or flukes, or calculi; direct injury to acinar cells by phenobarbitol, zinc; disturbances of enzyme trafficking within cytoplasm of acinar cells. Leads to inappropriate activation of enzymes
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What bacteria is responsible for bacillary hemoglobinuria?
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clostridium hemolyticum
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Where do clostridium hemolyticum spores reside in the liver?
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Kuppfer cells
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What toxin is produced by clostridium hemolyticum?
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Phospholipase C
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What are the primary viruses involved with pneumonic mannheimiosis?
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IBR, P-13, BRSV
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What toxin does Mannheimia haemolytica produce?
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leukotoxin (kills macrophages and neutrophils also LPS
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Describe first phase of enzootic pneumonia
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Caused by virus. Bronchointerstitial pneumonia. necrotizing broncholitis. Necrosis of type 1 pneumocytes. Hyperplasia of type 2 pneumocytes
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Describe second phase of enzootic pneumonia
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Caused by bacteria (pasteurella multocida). Suppurative bronchopneumonia. Pulmonary abscesses. Mucoid exudate in airways.
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What causes Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?
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Bovine herpes virus-1
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What is IBR synergostoc with?
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Mannheimia Hemolytica
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What virus causes infectious canine hepatitis?
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Canine adenovirus 1
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How do you ID infectious canine hepatitis?
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petechiae on intestines
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What is the tropism of canine adenovirus 1? (hepatitis?)
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Vascular endothelium and hepatocyes
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