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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Marked decrease in the number of granulocytes, particularly neutrophils.
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Agranulocytosis
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Reduction of the number of red blood cells, quantity of hemoglobin, or volume of packed red blood cells to less than normal.
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Anemia
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Lack of development.
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Aplasia
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Severe pain in a joint.
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Arthralgia
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The process by which lipid accumulates within the walls of large and medium-sized arteries. It leads to reduced blood flow and death of vital organs.
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Atherosclerosis
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Immune-mediated destruction of the body's own cells and tissues; immunity against self.
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Autoimmunity
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Component of metabolism that involves the break down of tissues.
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Catabolism
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Small, flat, hemorrhagic patch larger than a petechia on the skin or mucous membrane.
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Ecchymosis
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Insoluble protein that is essential to the clotting of blood.
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Fibrin
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Volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood.
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Hematocrit
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Release of hemoglobin from red blood cells by destruction of teh cells.
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Hemolysis
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Stoppage or cessation of bleeding.
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Hemostasis
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Enlargement of liver.
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Hepatomegaly
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Secreted molecules produced in the body that have a specific regulatory action on target cells that are distant from their sites of synthesis
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Hormone
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Excess calcium in the blood.
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Hypercalcemia
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Excess glucose in the blood.
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Hyperglycemia
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Stained less intensely than normal.
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Hypochronic
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Definciency of phosphates in the blood.
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Hypophosphatemia
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Hormone produced in the pancreas by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans; it regulates glucose metabolism and is the major fuel regulating hormone.
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Insulin
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Profound hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, that necessitates emergency intervention.
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Insulin shock
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Accumulation of acid in the body resulting from the accumulation of ketone bodies.
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Ketoacidosis
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Red blood cell that is smaller than normal.
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Microcyte
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Muscle pain.
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Myalgia
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Decreased number of neutrophils in the blood.
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Neutropenia
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Abnormal rarefaction of bone.
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Osteoporosis
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Parathyroid hormone
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Parathormone
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Minute red spot on the skin or mucous membrane caused by escape of a small amount of blood.
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Petechia
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Disc-shaped structure, also called a thrombocyte, found in teh blood; it plays an important role in blood coagulation.
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Platelet
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Increase in the total red blood cell mass in the blood.
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Polycythemia
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Chronic excessive thirst and intake of fluid.
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Polydipsia
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Blood disorders characterized by purplish or brownish-red discolorations caused by bleeding into the skin or tissues.
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Purpura
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Cell surface protein to which a specific hormone can bind; such binding leads to biochemical events.
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Receptor
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Enlargement of the spleen.
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Splenomegaly
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Platelet.
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Thrombocyte
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Decrease in the number of platelets in circulating blood.
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Thrombocytopenia
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Consists of a group of integrated glands and cells that secrete hormones.
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Endocrine system
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Excess hormone production by the anterior pituitary gland caused by a benign tumor called __________ that produces growth hormone.
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Hyperpituitarism
Pituitary Adenoma |
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What causes gigantism and acromegaly?
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Hyperpituitarism
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What are some of the clinical manifestations of acromegaly?
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Poor vision
Sensitivity to light Enlargement of hands and feet Increase in rib size Enlargement of maxilla and mandible Enlargement of the nasal bones Deep voice Thickened lips Macroglossia |
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What is the treatment of acromegaly?
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Pituitary gland surgery
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Also called thyrotoxicosis; characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormone; common cause is a condition called Graves disease; results from an autoimmune disorder.
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Hyperthyroidism
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What are some causes of hyperthyroidism?
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Hyperplasia of the gland
Tumors of the thyroid Pituatary gland disease Metastatic tumors |
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What are the clinical features of hyperthyroidism?
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Goiter
Rosy complexion Erythema of the palms Excessive sweating Fine hair Softnened nails Exophthalmos Anxiety Weakness Restlessness Cardiac problems |
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What are the oral manifestations of hyperthyroidism?
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Premature exfoliation of deciduous teeth
Premature eruption of permanent teeth Adult osteoporosis Dental caries Periodontal disease Burning discomfort of the tongue |
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What is the treatment of hyperthyroidism?
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Surgery
Medications to suppress thyroid activity Administration of radioactive iodine. |
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Is characterized by decreased output of thyroid hormone.
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Hypothyroidism
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When hypothyroidism is present during infancy and childhood, it is known as?
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Cretinism
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When hypothyroidism is present in older children and adults the condition is known as?
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Myxedema
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What are the causes and oral manifestations of hypothyroidism?
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CAUSES
Developmental disturbances Autoimmune disease Iodine deficiency Drugs Pituatary disease ORAL MANIFESTATIONS Thickened lips Enlarged tongue Delayed eruption of teeth In adults: Enlarged tongue |
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Results from excessive secretion of the parathormone (PTH).
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Hyperparathyroidism
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Elevated blood levels of calcium called ___________ and low levels of blood phosphorus called __________ and abnormal metabolism characterize this condition.
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Hypercalcemia
Hypophosphatemia Hyperparathyroidism |
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What may be some causes of parathyroidism?
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Hyperplasia of the parathyroid gland
Tumors |
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What hormone can remove calcium from bone through the action of osteoclasts?
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PTH (Parathromone)
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Hyperparathyroidism that results from an abnormality of the parathyroid glands is called?
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Primary hyperparathyroidism
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This type of hyperparathyroidism occurs when calcium is abnormally excreted by the kidneys and the parathyroid glands increase the production of PTH to maintain adequate blood levels of calcium.
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Secondary hypeparathyroidism
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What is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism?
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Kidney failure
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What are the clinical and oral manifestations of hyperparathyroidism?a
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Can by asymptomatic in mild disease or can cause joint pain and stiffness; can affect the kidneys, skeletal system, and gastrointestinal system; in severe case may cause coma.
Shows mottled appearance of the bone and partial loss of lamina dura; loosening of teeth may occur; associated with giant cell granulomas |
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A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism and is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels.
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Diabetes mellitus
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What three things does diabetes mellitus result from?
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Lack of hormone insulin
Defective insulin Increased insulin resistance because of obesity. |
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Diabetes mellitus which is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism may also lead to disorders of _____ and _____ metabolisms.
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Protein
Fat |
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What results from diabetes which can lead to a diabetic coma?
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Hyperglycemia
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Another life-threatening result of diabetes where the pH in blood is lowered and coma or death occurs; some signs and symptoms may include nausea, adbominal cramps, disorientation, and fatigue.
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Ketoacidosis
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This can lead to death of heart muscle (heart attack); stroke, and kidney failure and it can be a result of diabetes.
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Atherosclerosis
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Type 1 Diabetes is called?
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Insulin-dependenta Diabetes Mellitus.
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In which type of diabetes does autoimmunity play a key role; it leads to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas and ultimately profound insulin deficiency.
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Type I Diabetes (IDDM)
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Describe the onset of Type I Diabetes?
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Peak age of 20 years old
Onset is abrupt and can have the three Ps Polydipsia (excessive thirst) Polyuria (excessive urination) Polyphagia (excessive apetite) |
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Insulin injection can often lead to low blood sugar called _________ or ________.
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Hypoglycemia
Insulin shock |
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What is Type 2 Diabetes called?
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Noninsulin-dependant diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
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Approximately 95% of all diabetic patients are which type?
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Type 2 Diabetes
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Describe the onset of type 2 Diabetes?
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Onset is gradual and occurs in patients who are 35 to 40 years of age or older.
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What causes Diabetes Type 2?
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Obesity
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What is an injectible product for the treatment of type 2 diabetes?
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Byetta
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What is the most common cause of death among patients with diabetes?
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Heart attack
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What are some of the clinical manifestations of Diabetes Type 2?
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Atherosclerosis
Blood vessel changes in the eye causing blindness Numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes; nervous system is affected Skin infections such as furuncles or boils; urinary tract infections, and tb Skin disorder called acanthosis nigrans |
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What are the oral manifestations of Diabetes type 2?
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Candida albicans
Oral candidiasis Mucormycosis whichi s a rare fungal infection that affects the palate and max sinuses Paratid gland enlargement Xerostomia Burning mouth syndrome Hyperplastic and erythematous gingiva Gingival abscesses Excessive periodontal bone loss, tooth mobility, early tooth loss, periodontal disease |
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Also known as primary adrenal cortical insufficiency is characterized by an insufficient production of adrenal steroids caused by a malignant tumor or autoimmunie disease; results in brown pigmentation of skin; macules on oral mucosa.
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Addison disease
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