Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
A short duration; severe course.
|
Acute
|
|
|
The decrease in size and function of a cell, tissue, organ, or whole body.
|
Atrophy
|
|
|
The directed movement of white blood cells to the area of injury by biochemical mediators.
|
Chemotaxis
|
|
|
A protein produced in the liver that becomes elevated during episodes of acute inflammation or infection.
|
C-reactive protein
|
|
|
Excess plasma or exudate in the interstitial space of the tissues that causes swelling
|
Edema
|
|
|
The passage of white blood cells through the endothelium and wall of the microcirculation into the injured tissue.
|
Emigration
|
|
|
Redness of the skin or mucosa.
|
Erythema
|
|
|
Inflammatory fluid formed as a reaction to injury of tissues and blood vessels.
|
Exudate
|
|
|
An excess of blood in a part of the body.
|
Hyperemia
|
|
|
An enlargement of a tissue or organ resulting from an increase in the number of normal cells.
|
Hyperplasia
|
|
|
An enlargement of a tissue or organ resuting from an increase in size but not in number of cells.
|
Hypertrophy
|
|
|
A process during inflammation in which white blood cells tend to move to the periphery of the blood vessel wall.
|
Margination
|
|
|
Small blood vessels, including arterioles, capillaries, and venules, all of which can be affected by local changes as the result of inflammation.
|
Microcirculation
|
|
|
The pathologic death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ resulting from irreversible damage.
|
Necrosis
|
|
|
The first white blood cell to arrive at the injury; the primary cells involved in acute inflammation; one of the WBC with a multilobed nucleus; also called a __________.
|
Neutrophil
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte |
|
|
Adherence of WBC to the walls of a blood vessel during inflammation.
|
Pavementing
|
|
|
Located away from the center; indicates that the location of a lesion is in the soft tissue surrounding the bone.
|
Peripheral
|
|
|
A process of ingestion and digestion by cells.
|
Phagocytosis
|
|
|
A temporary increase in number of WBC circulating in blood.
|
Leukocytosis
|
|
|
Containing or forming pus.
|
Purulent
|
|
|
A localized swelling of tissue because of edema during inflammation, often accompanied by severe itching.
|
Wheal
|
|
|
What are the body's responses to injury.
|
Inflammation
Immunity Repair |
|
|
Alteration in the environment that causes tissue damage.
|
Injury
|
|
|
What are some natural defenses against injury.
|
Intact skin
Mucosa Cilia Mucus Stomach acid Saliva Tears Urine Diarrhea Process of inflammation WBC |
|
|
Nonspecific response to injury that occurs in the same manner regardless of the type of injury.
|
Inflammation
|
|
|
Chronic inflammation can lead to some common disorders such as.
|
Atherosclerosis
Insulin resistance Colon cancer Alzheimer's disease |
|
|
What are the five classic (cardinal) signs of inflammation?
|
Redness
Heat Swelling Pain Loss of normal tissue function |
|
|
What are the biochemical mediators of the body?
|
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells |
|
|
What is plasma composed of?
|
Water and proteins
|
|
|
What carries excess plasma away?
|
Lymphatic vessels
|
|
|
Sequence of microscopic events that occur during the inflammation response.
|
1. Injury to tissue
2. Constriction of the microcirculation 3. Dilation of teh microcirculation 4. Increase in permeability of the microcirculation 5. Exudate leaving the microcirculation 6. Increase in blood viscosity in the microcirculation 7. Decrease in blood flow through the microcirculation 8. Margination and pavementing of WBC 9. Emigration of WBC from the microcirculation 10. Phagocytosis by WBC of foreign substances |
|
|
The increase blood flow that fills the capillary beds in the injured tissue.
|
Hyperemia
|
|
|
Which two clinical signs of inflammation does hyperemia cause?
|
Erythema
Heat |
|
|
Exudate that is composed of mainly plasma with just a few WBC.
|
Serous exudate
|
|
|
Exudate that is composed of plasma, tissue debris, and many WBC.
|
Purulent exudate
|
|
|
What is the function of exudate?
|
Exudate dilutes foreign agents and helps carry them out to the lymphatic vessels to the lymph nodes.
|
|
|
Drainage passage formed in tissue where excess exudate drains out.
|
Fistula
|
|
|
What helps the WBC to the area of injury.
|
Emigration and chemotaxis
|
|
|
What two types of WBC are initially involved in the inflammatory response?
|
Neutrophil and monocyte
|
|
|
Which WBC enters the tissue and becomes a macrophage; it is the second type of WBC to arrive at the site of injury.
|
Monocyte
|
|
|
What is the main function of neutrophils?
|
Phagocytosis
|
|
|
Shortly after phagocytosis neutrophils die and lysosomal enzymes leak out of the cell causing?
|
Further tissue damage.
|
|
|
What is the percentage of neutrophils in the WBC population?
|
60 to 70%
|
|
|
What is in the granular cytoplasm contained in neutrophils and monocytes called?
|
Lysosomal enzymes
|
|
|
What are the three systems of plasma proteins activated during inflammation?
|
Kinin System
Clotting Mechanism Complement System |
|
|
System that causes increased dilation of the blood vessels at the site of injury and increased permeability of local blood vessels.
|
Kinin System
|
|
|
This system forms a fibrinous meshwork at the site of injury that protects adjacent tissues and keeps foreign substances corralled at the site.
|
Clotting Mechanism
|
|
|
In which system are biochemical mediators released; cell death occurs; and enhancement of phagocytosis occurs.
|
Complement System
|
|
|
Enhancement of phagocytosis is called?
|
Opsonization
|
|
|
What drugs are used to block or suppress the inflammatroy response?
|
Antiinflammatory drugs
|
|
|
Which diseases or conditions are treated with antiinflammatory drugs?
|
Asthma
Arthritis Organ transplant Surgical trauma |
|
|
Examples of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents are.
|
Acetylsalicylic acid
Ibuprofen |
|
|
Example of steroidal antiinflammatory agent is.
|
Prednisone
|
|
|
List some medications that are traditionally used to treat cancer but are also used to inflammatory diseases in lower dosage.
|
Methotrexate
Sulfasalazine Leflunomide Cyclophosphamide Mycophenolate |
|
|
What are the four major systemic signs of inflammation?
|
Fever
Increase in WBC Elevated C-reactive protein Lymphadenopathy - enlarged lymph nodes. |
|
|
What is body temperature controlled by?
|
Hypothalamic thermoregularoty center
|
|
|
Fever producing substances produced by WBC and pathogenic microorganinsms.
|
Pyrogens
|
|
|
Normal number of WBC circulating in the body (leukocytes) is.
|
4,000 to 10,000/mm3
|
|
|
Number of Leukocytes (WBC) specifically neutrophils increase to ____ during systemic inflammatory response.
|
10,000 to 30,000/mm3
|
|
|
What helps distinguish a viral infection from a bacterial infection from an allergic reaction?
|
Differential white blood cell count.
|
|
|
If there is an infection or inflammation present what is the level for C-reactive protein?
|
Above 10mg/L but mostly as high as 100mg/L is infection is present.
|
|
|
Chronocally elevated C-reactive protein level is associated with?
|
Increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
|
|
|
What helps assess conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus; it determinesif medication taken is effective and is used to monitor wound healing, and is used as an early detection for possible infections associated with organ transplants, severe burns, and surgeries.
|
C-reactive protein
|
|
|
What are the primary white blood cells of the immune response?
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
|
What causes lymph nodes to swell?
|
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of lymphocytes.
|
|
|
What are cells involved in chronic inflammation?
|
Macrophages
Lymphocytes Plasma cells |
|
|
A distinctive form of chronic inflammation where granulomas form surrounded by lymphocytes and plasma cells.
|
Granulomatous inflammation
|
|
|
Microscopic grouping of macrophages sorrounded by lymphocytes.
|
Granulomas
|
|
|
How does the epithelium appear in Hyperplasia?
|
Thickened
Paler or whiter |
|
|
Where does hyperplasia frequently occurs?
|
In the oral cavity
|
|
|
Where does hypertrophy usually occur?
|
Smooth muscles of the uterus
Mammary glands Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle |
|
|
Descrease in size and funtion of cells, tissues, organs, or whole body in response to certain conditions of cellular stress.
|
Atrophy
|
|
|
Where does atrophy usually occur?
|
Muscles that are not being used. "Use it or lose it"
|
|
|
What are the three phases of repair?
|
Inflammation
Proliferation Maturation |
|
|
What happens during the first day of Injury?
|
Clot forms
|
|
|
What happens one day after injury?
|
Acute inflammation
Neutrophils emigrage into the injured tissues. Phagocytosis for foreign substances |
|
|
What happens two days after injury?
|
The monocytes emigrate into the injured tissues as macrophages.
Neutrophils are reduced Fibroblasts produce new collagen fibers. At the end of the 2 days the lymphocytes and plasma cells migrate to the injured area and begin a chronic inflammation and immune response. |
|
|
What happens seven days after injury?
|
The clot sloughs off
The new surface remains redder because of the thinness The inflammatory and immune responses complete their cycle |
|
|
What happens two weeks after injury?
|
The initial granulation tissue has gained strength
The new tissue has undergone maturation and is now called scar tissue. |
|
|
Healing of an injury by surgical incision to minimize scarring.
|
Healing by Primary Intention
|
|
|
This involves injury in which tissue is lost; thus the edges of teh injury cannot be joined during healing, a large clot slowly forms resuling in an increased formation of granulation tissue.
|
Healing by Secondary Intention
|
|
|
Excessive scarring in skin that appears raised and extends beyond its original boundaries is called.
|
Keloid
|
|
|
Waiting to perform surgical tissue repair until the infection is resolved is called.
|
Healing by Tertiary Intention
|
|
|
What factors impair healing?
|
Bacterial infections
Necrosis Hematoma Malnutrition(protein,zinc, calcium, C) If body is undergoing immunosuppression because of steroid or chemotherapy use. Osteogenesis imperfecta Marfan syndrome Metabolic disorders resulting from aging, renal failure, diabetes mellitus Tobacco |
|
|
What type of foods cause greater attrition?
|
Fibrous foods
|
|
|
What factors influence attrition?
|
Bruxism
Chewing tobacco Abrasive dusts entering oral cavity Age Greater in men than women |
|
|
What are some signs and symptoms of bruxism?
|
Wear facets
hypertrophy of masticatory muscles (masseter muscle) Muscle fatigue and tenderness Cheek biting Pain in TMJ Tooth mobility Pulpal sensitivity to cold |
|
|
What are some factors that may affect bruxism?
|
Anxiety
Stress Hostility Hyperactivity |
|
|
Wearing away of tooth structure during mastication.
|
Attrition
|
|
|
Wearing away of tooth structure that results from a repetitive mechanical habit; appears as a notch of the root surface in areas of gingival recession.
|
Abrasion
|
|
|
What may cause abrasion?
|
Toothbrushing
Holding pins and needles in teeth, pipes. |
|
|
Wedge-shaped lesions at the cervical areas of teeth.
|
Abfraction
|
|
|
What causes abfraction?
|
Biomechanical forces on the teeth
|
|
|
Loss of tooth structure resulting from chemical action.
|
Erosion
|
|
|
Who is susceptible to erosion?
|
Individuals who work in industries where acid is used.
Individuals who suck on lemon Chronic vomiting |
|
|
What is a dental management of patients who vomit frequently?
|
Daily use of fluoride rinse and toothpaste that contain fluoride.
|
|
|
Explain meth mouth.
|
Methamphetamine abuse decreases salivary flow and creates a craving for high sugar beverages and that in combination with poor oral hygiene creates a extensive rapid destruction of teeth.
|
|
|
What is the clinical appearance of an aspirin burn.
|
The tissue becomes necrotic and white; the lesion is painful, the necrotic tissue may separate and slough off resulting in a large ulcer.
|
|
|
This is used in dentistry as a cavity-sterilizing and cauterizing agent and may cause tissue destruction if it comes in contact with mucosa; if swallowed...large amounts of water should be consumed and refer for medical evaluation.
|
Phenol (Phenol burn)
|
|
|
Lesion that results from the accumulation of blood within tissue as a result of trauma.
|
Hematoma
|
|
|
Trauma caused by cheek biting, lip, or tongue biting, irritation from a complete or patial denture or mucosal injury from sharp edges of food.
|
Traumatic ulcer
|
|
|
What can cause traumatic ulcers?
|
Cheek, lip, tongue biting
Irritation from dentures Sharp foods Harsh brushing |
|
|
Indurated lesion caused by persistent trauma is called.
|
Traumatic granuloma
|
|
|
Chronic rubbing or friction against an oral mucosal surface may result in?
|
Hyperkeratosis.
|
|
|
What is the clinical appearance of frictional keratosis?
|
Opaque, white appearance of tissue; it is analogous to callus on skin (protective response)
|
|
|
What causes frictional keratosis?
|
Chronic cheek and tongue chewing
|
|
|
White lesions that do not arise from trauma and arise spontaneously may be ________ and they may be a premalignant lesion.
|
Leukoplakia
|
|
|
A white raised line that forms at the buccal mucosa at the occlusal plane and is considered a variant of normal.
|
Linea alba
|
|
|
What caused linea alba?
|
Teeth clenching
Epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis |
|
|
Benign lesion on the hard palate caused by smoking cigars, pipes, and cigarettes.
|
Nicotine Stomatitis`
|
|
|
Nicotine stomatitis is a sign of heavy smoking which increases risk for?
|
Malignancy or oral cavity and respiratory tract
|
|
|
What is the clinical appearance of nicotine stomatitis?
|
Initial appearance is erythematous, then keratinization occurs resulting in increasing opacification and then raised red dots are seen at the openings of the ducts of the minor salivary glands of the palatal surface.
|
|
|
What does chewing tobacco cause and what is the clinical appearance of the lesion?
|
Tobacco Pouch Keratosis
Granular or wrinkled appearance and then opaquely white lesion. |
|
|
What does long term tobacco chewing cause?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
Lesion caused by injury to a peripheral nerve caused by injection of local anesthesia, surgery, or other sources of trauma.
|
Traumatic neuroma
|
|
|
Flat, bluish-gray lesion of the oral mucosa that results from the introduction of amalgam particles into the tissues.
|
Amalgam tattoo
|
|
|
What is the most common location for amalgam tatoos?
|
Posterior region of the mandible.
|
|
|
Flat, well-circumscribed brown lesion of unknown cause, less than 1 cm in diameter
|
Oral melanotic macule
|
|
|
Melanin pigmentation associated with smoking.
|
Smoker's melanosis
Smoking-associated melanosis |
|
|
Sun exposure, particularly in fair-skinned individuals, can result in degeneration of the tissue of the lips.
|
Solar cheilitis
Actinic cheilitis |
|
|
What is the clinical appearance of solar cheilitis?
|
Vermillion of the lips appear pale pinkish and mottled; with fissures appearing at right angles to the skin and vermillion junction; the lips are dry and cracked.
|
|
|
Solar cheilitis is a risk factor for?
|
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma |
|
|
A lesion that forms when a salivary gland duct is serered and the mucous salivary gland secretion spills into the adjacent connective tissue forming a cystlike structure.
|
Mucocele
|
|
|
Where are mucoceles common?
|
Lower lip usually lateral to the midline.
|
|
|
Mucocele may resemble this condition.
|
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
|
|
|
Dilated salivary gland ducts that are obstructed are called?
|
Mucocele
mucous cyst mucous retention |
|
|
Term used to describe a mucocele-type cyst associated with the sublingual and submandibular obstruction of stones and it resembles the pouch of a frog.
|
Ranula
|
|
|
Benign condition of the salivary glands characterized by moderately painful swelling and ulceration in the affected area; caused by blockage of blood supply to the area of lesion.
|
Necrotizing sialometaplasia
|
|
|
A salivary gland stone.
|
Sialolith
|
|
|
Obstruction of salivary gland ducts as a result of infection; painful swelling of usually major salivary glands.
|
Acute and chronic sialadenitis
|
|
|
Where is ranula most commonly located?
|
Floor of mouth
|
|
|
Where is necrotizing sialometaplasia most commonly found?
|
Junction of hard and soft palate
|
|
|
How is Traumatic Neuroma treated?
|
Surgical excision
|
|
|
How is Ranula treated?
|
Surgery
|
|
|
How is sialolith treated?
|
Surgical removal of stone
|
|
|
Lesion that is produced as a response to injury; is usually ulcerated and soft to palpation and bleeds easily, it is deep red to purple; elevated and may be sessile or pedunculated; mainly occurs on gingiva.
|
Pyogenic granuloma
|
|
|
Pyogenic granuloma has also been called.
|
Pregnancy tumors.
|
|
|
What are pregnancy tumors caused by?
|
Hormonal levels
Increased response to plaque |
|
|
The injurious agent for pyogenic granuloma is.
|
Calculus
|
|
|
How is pyogenic granuloma treated?
|
If it does not resolve on its own, surgical excision.
|
|
|
Deep red exophytic lesion that occurs on the gingiva; many multinucleated giant cells in well vascularized connective tissue; may be treated by _____.
|
Giant Cell Granuloma Peripheral
Surgical excision |
|
|
Broad-based, pink, exophytic lesion most commonly found on the gingiva caused by trauma; dense fibrous connective tissue usually covered by normal epithelium; may be treated by _____.
|
Surgical excision
|
|
|
Elongated folds of exophytic tissue surrounding denture phalange; dense fibrous connective tissue surfaced by epithelium that may be hyperplastic and ulcerated; caused by ill-fitting denture and continuous wearing of dentures; occurs along the denture border.
|
Denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia
Epulis fissuratum Inflammatory hyperplasia |
|
|
Mucosa surfaced by multiple, erythematous papillary projections that occur on the hard palage caused by removalbe prosthesis; treated by surgical removal of papillary tissue and fabrication of new denture.
|
Papillary Hyperplasia of the Palate
|
|
|
Increase in the bulk of the free and attached gingiva; no stippling; erythematous to normal color; occurs on the gingiva either generalized or localized; treated by _______.
|
Gingival enlargement
Gingivectomy meticulous oral hygiene |
|
|
Red or pink nodule protruding from the pulp chamber of a tooth with a large, open carious lesion; treated by _________.
|
Chronic Hyperplastic pulpitis
Extraction of tooth or endodontic treatment |
|
|
Painful, swollen fistula caused by inflammation of the dental pulp filled with exudate called.
|
Periapcial Abscess
|
|
|
How do you treat periapcial abscess?
|
Establish drainage.
|
|
|
Mass of chronically inflamed granulation tissue that forms at the opening of the pulp canal, generally at the apex of a nonvital tooth rooth. Asymptomatic tooth sensitive to percussion; slight tooth extrusion; caused by pulpal inflammation and necrosis in roots of primary and permanent teeth
|
Periapical granuloma
|
|
|
A true cyst consisting of a pathologic cavity lined by epithelium; associated with root of a nonvital tooth; most commonly occuring cyst in the oral cavity.
|
Radicular cyst or periapical cyst
|
|
|
What is the radiographic appearance of a radicular cyst?
|
Radiolucency usually well circumscribed attached to the tooth root.
|
|
|
This cyst may occur after root canal therapy is performed and not all of the radicular cyst was removed.
|
Residual cyst
|
|
|
Blunting of root apex to severe loss of root substance.
|
External Resorption
|
|
|
Causes pinkish color of the crown if root resorption is not treated.
|
Internal resorption
|
|
|
Change in bone near the apexes of teeth that is thought to be a reaction to low-grade infection.
|
Focal sclerosing osteomyelitis also known as condensing osteitis.
|
|
|
Post operative complication of tooth extraction most commonly occurs in the socket of extracted mandibular third molar; happens if clot breaks down before healing has taken place; complains of pain, bad odor, and bad taste.
|
Alveolar osteitis or dry socket
|
