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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oral cavity
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1. mucosa: stratified squamous epithelium on lamina propria (CT)
-lining mucosa: nonkeritinized, loosley bound -masticatory mucosa: keritinized or parakeritinized, tightly bound [gingiva, hard palate] -specialized mucosa lining the tongue 2. submucosa: also CT, blends with mucosa 3. underlying muscle or bone |
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Lips
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skeletal muscle core
1. skin - hair follicles, sweat borders 2. vermillion border - red/pink part, keritinized, no hair follicles 3. lining mucosa - thickest layer |
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cheeks
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buccal fat pad core and fat sandwiched in b/w
1. skin 2. lining mucosa |
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Hard palate
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1. masticatory mucosa
- median raphe, rugae 2. submucosa lateral to raphe 3. bone |
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soft palate
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ends posterioly as the uvula
1. lining mucosa 2. submucosa 3. skeletal muscle |
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oral pharynx
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passes posteriorly, behind the oral cavity
1. mucosa - start squamous to pseudostrat columnar 2. submucosa 3. skeletal muscle |
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tongue
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sulcus terminalis - V-region, embryological origin of the different parts of the tongue
1. oral mucosa 2. submucosa 3. skeletal muscle |
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linguinal papillae
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anterior 2/3 of the tongue, in front of the V-regoin
1. filiform - most numerous, called "little paint brushes" 2. fungiform - club shaped, bulbous, strat squamous 3. circumvalate - lie just anterior to the V-regoin -serous glands of von ebner: protein secreting glands, right underneath the circumvalate 4. foliate - rudimentary in adults |
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taste buds
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barrel shaped
- taste pore: opening in the top so chemicals can get in - cells: support, basal, neuroepithelium - neuroepithelial have apical receptors on the microvill, basal synapse on afferent endings of cranial nerves - main taste receptors: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami have specific distribution on tongue and conveyed by specific cranial nerves - variable number per person |
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posterior tongue
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glands, lingual tonsils
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alveolar bone
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where teeth sockets are
- maxilla and mandible are bony sockets - alveolar mucosa: lining mucosa - gingival mucosa: masticatory mucosa |
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teeth
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crown, root, pulp - outer enamel is found here, hardest substance in the body
- enamel dentin and cementum: all are CT similar to bone |
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enamel
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crown, produced by ameloblasts (die when tooth is fully developed)
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dentin
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found in the crown and root, produced by odontoblasts, forms the bulb of the tooth
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cementum
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root, produced by cementoblasts, sit in the lacunae
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peridontal ligament
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PDL, collagen fibers that extend and hold the tooth in the socket
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salivary gland
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1. minor: continous secretion, in mucosa and submucosa in the oral cavity, seromucous gland
2. major: ANS regulation, outside the oral cavity |
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Major Salivary Gland
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1. Secretory cells:
- serous cells (acinus [ball shaped]: amylase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, secrete protein -- IgA: plasma cells in underlying CT secrete IgA. serous cells absorb IgA, coat with glycoprotein and secrete into saliva -mucous cells (tubular) - serous demilunes: serous cells that cap over mucous cells 2. Ducts: simple or branched a. intercalated - tiniest, low cuboidal b. striated (intralobular) - within the lobular, has basal striations c. excretory (interlobular) 3. myoepithelial cells - found outside, contractions help to expel secretions 4. CT capsule and septa, stroma |
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Parotid Gland
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- compound acinar
- serous digestive enzymes, mainly amylase - primary target of rabies, and mumps virus, mumps can spread causing orchitis and menegitis - most frequent site for for slow growing benign adenomas |
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submandibular gland
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compound tubuloacinar
mixed, but mainly serous |
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sublingual gland
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compound tubuloacinar
mixed, mainly mucous |
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saliva
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- proteins, glycoproteins, digestive enzymes (amylase), IgA, lysozyme
- functions: lubrication, dissipation of food, protection of teeth, immune |
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Gut Tube Basic Organization
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1. mucosa
a. epithelium: selective permeability b. lamina propria: may contain glands, lymphoid tissue -- lymphoid tissue of lamina propria and submucosa: MALT a.k.a GALT c. muscularis mucosa: promotes mucosa contact with food independent of peristalisis, functions in aggitation to expel secretions from gland 2. submucosa - loose CT layer, 3. muscularis externa: responsible for peristalsis 4. serosa or adventitia - above the diaphragm it is just CT |
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esophagus
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transports and lubricates food
1. mucosa - lining epithelium, strat. squamous, non-keritinized a. lower esophaugs: esophageal cardiac glands in lamina propria b. muscularis mucosa 2. submucosa a. esophageal glands proper 3. muscularis externa: layer of muscle skeletal and smooth 4. adventitia or serosa |
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gastroesophageal junction
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- physiological factors promote forward movement of food and precent reflex
- chronic reflux/ barret's esophagus: esophageal epithelium metaplasia to gastric simple columnar epithelium, dysplasia may be present, inflammation, scarring, dysphagia |
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stomach
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- mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into acidic chyme
- while some drugs are absorbed in the stomach, there is no absorption of food breakdown products |
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Rugae
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- in a non-distended stomach, folds, elevations in mucosa and submucosa
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Stomach layers
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A. Mucosa
- simple columnar mucous-secreting cells [surface epithelium]: mucous forms a gel layer that traps bicarbonate ions, protects the stomach from acidic contents - gastric pits: pin point depressions, surface epithelium dips down - lamina propria: contains gastric glands - muscularis mucosa: smooth muscle layer B. submucosa - typical loose CT w/ blood vessels and some lymphoid tissue C. Muscularis Externa - 3 layers of smooth muscle - inner oblique layer - middle circular - outer longitudinal D. serosa - CT layer with mesothelium |
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Body and Fundus of stomach
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short pits, elaborate glands
- gastric glands: isthmus, neck, base - neck mucous cells: pale, foamy cells, found mainly in the neck, secrete a mucous parietal cells: found in upper glands - apical microvilli, intracellular caniculi, tubulovesicle system, lots of mito - HCl secretion an intrinsic factor - CO2 absorbed at the basal surface, CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 - Cl absorbed at the basal surface and secreted into the canuliculi - gastrin, ACh, Histamine stim. the parietal cell proton pump inhibitors histamine receptor blockers (tagamet, zantac) -IF: binds to Vit B12, B12 is absorbed in the small intestine, cannot be absorbed efficiently without IF, it is needed for syn and production of RBCs - Pernicious anemia - decrease in RBC production, caused by a deficieny in B12 or problems with production of IF Cheif Cells - secrete pepsinogen [breaks down proteins] which is activated by HCl and goes to pepsin - secretes lipase - zymogen granules contain pepsinogen neuroendocrine cells - secrete a variety of hormones - ghrenlin: stim hunger via the hypothalamus, elevated levels in prader-willi syndrome stem cells |
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cardiac stomach
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- short pits and glands
- cardiac glands: mucous cells, some parietal cells, some stemm cells |
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pyloric stomach
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- long pits and short glands
- gastrin: stim HCl secretion, inc gastric motility -somatostatin: inhibits gastrin secretion, reg other hormones |
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acute gastritis
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- inflammation of the stomach lining, rapid and toxic
- alcohol, anti-inflammatories, stress |
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chronic gastritis
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- chemical: alcohol, reflux of bile into stomach, chronic drug users
- autoimmune - infectoin: Helobacter pylori -- H. pylori are very mobile, attach to surface epithelium -- inflammation and acid-induced ulceration and necrosis, fibrous scarring -- obstruction due to scarring at the lower esophagus and pylorus -- hemorrhage and perforation |
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zollinger-ellison syndrome
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- hyperplasia of the fundic stomach, gastrin secreting tumors (gastrinomas)
- high HCl secretion: inactivates pancreatic lipases leading to diarrhea, steatorrhea, gastric ulcers |
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gastroduodenal junction
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- epithelium transition
- muscularis externa: oblique layer lost, thickened layer = pyloric sphincter |
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stomach
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- mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into acidic chyme
- while some drugs are absorbed in the stomach, there is no absorption of food breakdown products |
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Rugae
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- in a non-distended stomach, folds, elevations in mucosa and submucosa
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Stomach layers
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A. Mucosa
- simple columnar mucous-secreting cells [surface epithelium]: mucous forms a gel layer that traps bicarbonate ions, protects the stomach from acidic contents - gastric pits: pin point depressions, surface epithelium dips down - lamina propria: contains gastric glands - muscularis mucosa: smooth muscle layer B. submucosa - typical loose CT w/ blood vessels and some lymphoid tissue C. Muscularis Externa - 3 layers of smooth muscle - inner oblique layer - middle circular - outer longitudinal D. serosa - CT layer with mesothelium |
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Body and Fundus of stomach
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short pits, elaborate glands
- gastric glands: isthmus, neck, base - neck mucous cells: pale, foamy cells, found mainly in the neck, secrete a mucous parietal cells: found in upper glands - apical microvilli, intracellular caniculi, tubulovesicle system, lots of mito - HCl secretion an intrinsic factor - CO2 absorbed at the basal surface, CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 - Cl absorbed at the basal surface and secreted into the canuliculi - gastrin, ACh, Histamine stim. the parietal cell proton pump inhibitors histamine receptor blockers (tagamet, zantac) -IF: binds to Vit B12, B12 is absorbed in the small intestine, cannot be absorbed efficiently without IF, it is needed for syn and production of RBCs - Pernicious anemia - decrease in RBC production, caused by a deficieny in B12 or problems with production of IF Cheif Cells - secrete pepsinogen [breaks down proteins] which is activated by HCl and goes to pepsin - secretes lipase - zymogen granules contain pepsinogen neuroendocrine cells - secrete a variety of hormones - ghrenlin: stim hunger via the hypothalamus, elevated levels in prader-willi syndrome stem cells |
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cardiac stomach
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- short pits and glands
- cardiac glands: mucous cells, some parietal cells, some stemm cells |
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pyloric stomach
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- long pits and short glands
- gastrin: stim HCl secretion, inc gastric motility -somatostatin: inhibits gastrin secretion, reg other hormones |
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acute gastritis
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- inflammation of the stomach lining, rapid and toxic
- alcohol, anti-inflammatories, stress |
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chronic gastritis
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- chemical: alcohol, reflux of bile into stomach, chronic drug users
- autoimmune - infectoin: Helobacter pylori -- H. pylori are very mobile, attach to surface epithelium -- inflammation and acid-induced ulceration and necrosis, fibrous scarring -- obstruction due to scarring at the lower esophagus and pylorus -- hemorrhage and perforation |
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zollinger-ellison syndrome
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- hyperplasia of the fundic stomach, gastrin secreting tumors (gastrinomas)
- high HCl secretion: inactivates pancreatic lipases leading to diarrhea, steatorrhea, gastric ulcers |
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gastroduodenal junction
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- epithelium transition
- muscularis externa: oblique layer lost, thickened layer = pyloric sphincter |
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large intestine (colon)
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absorption of water, salt, other ions and formation of fecal mass [because all food absorption occurs in the small intestine]
A. Mucosa: no villi • simple columnar absorptive cells [epithelial cells] • goblet cells – lots of these • Intestinal glands (Crypts of Lieberkuhn) in lamina propria, extending down a. columnar absorptive cells b. goblet cells c. enterendocrine (neuroendocrine) • No lymphatic vessels in lamina propria, so cancers here are very slow to metastasize • Prominent layer of collagen and fibroblasts beneath epithelium basal lamina (dense CT layer) helps segregate absorption of fluid • Muscularis mucosa B. Submucosa Diffuse lymphoid tissue and nodules extend into lamina propria C. Muscularis externa (in upper colon), inner circular, outer longitudinal Teniae coli – three strops of the outer longitudinal D. Serosa Appendices epiploicae |
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rectum
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- distal dilated end of colon
- upper: similar to the rest of the colon except no teniae coli - lower 2-3 cm = anal canal 1. Anal columns of morgagni, anal sinuses, and valves 2. surface epithelium changes to stratified squamous below pectinate line 3. no muscularis mucosa, anal glands extend from lamina propria into muscularis externa 4. submucosa: hemorrhoidal venous plexus 5. muscularis externa: anal canal region inner circular layer thickens = internal anal sphincter |
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anus
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1. epithelium changes from stratifed squamous to typical skin, so prediposed to dyplasia and metaplasia
2. circumanal glands - secrete a viscous substance 3. muscularis externa = skeletal muscle anal triangle |
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malabsorption syndromes
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- deficits in absorption of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, salts or water
- some causes: -- drush border enzyme abnormalities -- defective bile secretions -- abnormal pancreatic secretions |
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gluten enteropathy (celiac disease)
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- small intestines, esp. in the jejunum
-immune - mediated inflammatory disease of the S.I. - atrophy and flatening of intestinal villi, hyperplasia of intestinal glands, get inflammation and lose surface area for absorption - results in malabsorptin syndrome - autoimmune rxn to wheat |
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diverticular disease
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- found more often in the elderly
- high interlumenal pressure and weakened muscularis results in herniation of the mucosa through weakened muscularis, it forms pockets called diverticucla, get food and bacteria accumulation in pockets - complications include inflammation, perforation and hemorrhage - found in both large and small intestines |
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crohn's disease
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- chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology affects small intestine (mainly terminal ileum) but may also affect colon
- patchy distribution with normal segments b/w - domed area of edematous mucous and submucosa with fissured ulcers and granulomas - inflammations may be transmural and can lead to fibrosis and obstruction, can go through all layers - predisposed to cancer - intermittant areas of normal intestine, then ulcerated intestine |
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ulcerative colitis
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- unknow etiology, affects colon, esp. rectum, doesnt affect all of the S.I., inflammatory disease
- acture phase characterized by inflammation with neutrophils accumulating in lamina propria and crypts forming abcesses of pus - superficial ulcers with normal mucosa projecting above ulcerations - inflammation rarely transmural - high incidence of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in chronic cases - |
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colon polyps (adenomas)/ adenocarcinoma
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- benign adenomas, varying degrees of dysplasia, characterized by shape (tubular, tubulovillus, villus[most potential for neoplasia])
- adenocarcinoma: sigmoid colon is the most frequent site, malignant type, slow to metastasize |
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appendix
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histologically similar to colon except many aggregated lymphoid nodules in the submucosa and lamina propria, out pocketing of the cecum
- have aggregate lymphatic nodules - out-pocketing of the colon so NO intestinal villi |
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appendicitis stages
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- acture inflammation with surface ulcerations and exudates
- spread through layers and into peritoneum - peritonitis of right iliac fossa - if perforates, widespread peritonitis |
