Option E

Front 1

Stimulus

Back 1

a change in the environment, either internal or external, that is detected by a receptor and elicits a response.

Front 2

Response

Back 2

a change in an organism, produced by a stimulus

Front 3

reflex

Back 3

rapid, unconscious response to a stimulus.

Front 4

Receptors

Back 4

detect stimulus (cell or nerve ending)

Front 5

sensory neurons

Back 5

carry nerve impulses from receptor to CNS

Front 6

Relay Neurons

Back 6

receive messages from sensory neurons and carry information to the motor neurons.

Front 7

Motor Neurons

Back 7

carries nerve impulse from CNS to effector.

Front 8

Effector

Back 8

carries out a response after receiving a message from motor neuron (muscles, glands)

Front 9

Egg laying Response

Back 9

Blue tit and Great Tit are birds found in Great Britain and other parts of Europe--feed on insects.
-Rising temperatures--> insects appearing earlier in spring.
-both species have responded by breeding earlier in the year.
-Greater Reproductive success due to opening of leaves on deciduous trees and earlier peak in biomass of invertebrates feeding on tree leaves.

Front 10

Migration Response

Back 10

Sylvia atricapilla (blackcap)
-bird breeds in early summer across central Europe, migrates to warmer areas before winter
-populations in Germany migrated to Spain or other areas.
-direction of migration is genetically programmed and inherited---migrate from Germany to UK for Winter as they instinctively fly West.
Those that fly to Spain fly southwest.

Front 11

Mechanoreceptors

Back 11

Mechanical movement
Sound waves detected by hair cells in cochlea of ear.

Front 12

chemoreceptors

Back 12

chemical changes detected by nerve endings in nose and tongue.

Front 13

Thermoreceptors

Back 13

detected by skin

Front 14

Photoreceptors

Back 14

detected by rods and cones in eye.

Front 15

Rods versus cones: sensitivity

Back 15

Rods have high sensitivity: used in dim light.
Cones have low sensitivity: used in bright light.

Front 16

Rods versus Cones: types

Back 16

Rods: detects all wavelengths in monochrome.
Cones: detects blue, red, green regions of spectrum.

Front 17

Rods versus Cones: Wiring

Back 17

Rods: connected in groups to a single neuron in optic nerve.
Cones: connected to individual neuron in optic nerve.

Front 18

Contralateral Processing

Back 18

the optic chiasma: the right brain processes information from the left visual field and vice versa.

Front 19

Edge Enhancement

Back 19

Two types of ganglion:
1) stimulated if light falls on the center of receptive field, but stimulation reduced if light falls on periphery.
2) light falling on periphery stimulated of the receptive field stimulates ganglion cells, reduced if it falls on center.
Both types are stimulated if the edge of dark/light areas are within the receptive field.

Front 20

Innate behavior

Back 20

behavior that normally occurs in all members of a species despite natural variation in environmental influences.

Front 21

Learned Behavior

Back 21

behavior developed as a result of experience, either by personal trial and error or from another individual.

Front 22

Examples of learned behavior and survival

Back 22

-Blue jay bird will take a milkweed butterfly if offerred, but spit it out due to its horrible taste.
-If offerred another one, it will refuse.
-A horse will avoid touching an electrical fence if it has experienced the shock from one.

Front 23

Pavlovian Conditioning

Back 23

He presented the meat powder, the unconditioned stimulus, to the dog. The dog responded by increased saliva, the unconditioned response.
HE then rang a ball, at the same time as presenting the meat powder. After several repeats, the bell alone ( the conditioned stimulus) would cause the dog to increase saliva flow (the conditioned response).

Front 24

Birdsong

Back 24

In some species, it is innate, in others there is a part that is learned
--White-crowned sparrow: if a young bird hears the adult song, it can then repeat the song the following spring. IF the hyoung bird hears the song but is locked before spring it is unable to repeat the song.
-It has to hear its own singing and match what it hears with what was programmed into its memory as a young bird.

Front 25

Some presynaptic neurons...

Back 25

excite postsynaptic transmission and others inhibit it.

Front 26

Excitatory Drugs

Back 26

nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines

Front 27

Inhibitory Drugs

Back 27

benzodiazepines,alcohol, THC,

Front 28

Cocaine

Back 28

Effects: stimulates synapse transmission that uses dopamine. binds to membrane proteins that pump dopamine back to pre-synaptic neuron--blocks transporters---build up of dopamine.

Front 29

THC

Back 29

blocks fusing of neurotransmitter vesicles with presynaptic membrane. When THC binds with cannabinoid receptors, it blocks excitatory neurotransmitter.

Front 30

Medulla Oblongata

Back 30

controls automatic and homeostatic activities, such as swallowing, vomiting, digestion, breathing, and heart activity.

Front 31

Cerebellum

Back 31

coordinates unconscious functions, such as balance, movement, etc.

Front 32

Hypothalamus

Back 32

maintains homeostasis using both nervous and endocrine systems; produces hormones that are secreted by posterior pituitary; sends releasing factors to stimulate hormone release by anterior pituitary.

Front 33

Cerebral Hemispheres

Back 33

receives impulses from the eye, ear, nose and tongue; acts as the integrating center for higher complex functions (learning, memory, etc).

Front 34

Sympathetic versus Para sympathetic: Heart

Back 34

S: increases rate during fright or excitement to supply more bood (oxygen and glucose) to muscles
P: decreases rate during rest and sleep.

Front 35

Sympathetic versus Parasympathetic: Gut

Back 35

S: decreases blood flow so more can be diverted to skeletal muscles
P: increases blood flow

Front 36

Sympathetic versus Parasympathetic: Iris

Back 36

S: Dilates pupil by contracting radial iris muscles to improve image
P: constricts pupil to protect retina by contracting circular iris muscles.

Front 37

Pupil Reflex

Back 37

Photoreceptors detect light.
Nerve impulses sent to sensory neurons of optic nerve to brain.
Medulla processes this and sends impulses to circular muscle fibers to constrict the iris.

Front 38

Bee colony

Back 38

Queen= lays eggs, produces pheromone to control workers.
Drone (fertil Male) = mates with virgin females
Worker (infertile Female)= collect nectar/pollen, convert pollen into honey, secreting wax and building comb, feeding and looking after larvae, guarding hive.

Front 39

Naked Mole Rat organization

Back 39

-live in colonies with up to 80 individuals, in burrow systems.
-One dominant female mole rat (only one who can reproduce)
-Frequent workers dig the tunnels and bring food.
Infrequent workers are larger and help with heavier tasks.
-non workers live in central nest, keeping breeding female and her young warm and defending colony.

Front 40

Altruism: Naked Mole Rats

Back 40

breeding male and female in colony reproduce and the workers help rear offspring that is not their own, ensuring survival of nmr.

Front 41

Altruism: Vampire Bats

Back 41

-If bats fail to feed for more than 2 nights, it can die of starvation--bats that have fed will regurgitate into its mouth.

Front 42

Foraging: Blue gill fish

Back 42

THey consume Daphnia.
When there is low density of prey, the consume all sizes.
When there is high densities, they consume large prey-- easier to eat small numbers of large prey.

Front 43

Foraging: Starbirds

Back 43

feed young on crane-fly larvae, which they probe from soil.
-The fewer journeys back to nest, the less time energy spent.
-optimum amount of larvae depends on distance between foraging area and nest.

Front 44

Rhythmical Behavior: Moonrats

Back 44

-excellent smell helps them forage at night when their prey is active.
-less vulnerable to predation at night.
-rest in holes during day.

Front 45

Rhythmical Behavior: Marbled Duck

Back 45

Predated on by day-hunting birds of prey, such as buzzards.
Duck is therefore mainly a nocturnal feeder.
hidden in reed beds.