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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Optimism |
A general belief that good life outcomes are more likely than bad ones in most situations |
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Seligman view on optimism |
Said attributional process was basis for learned optimism, use of adaptive attribution style |
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3 explanation dimension |
Interval vs external Stable vs unstable Global vs specific |
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Optimistic attribution style |
Global, unstable, specific |
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Reasons for less attention on internality (4) |
Less specific correlates More difficult to assess reliably Doubt on direct effect on expectations May confound with self-blame/self-efficacy |
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Attributional Style Questionnaire |
Contains 24 hypothetical life events, half about achievment and half about affiliation. Half good and half bad. Write down a major cause of the event and identify a cause for it |
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CAVE |
Used to get rating of optimism/pessimism from written or spoken words |
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Genetics of optimism |
MZ correlation of .48, DZ correlation of .00. May be due to other genetic effects. |
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Effects of home environment on optimism |
Most of the variation, children from stable/supportive homes more likely to be optimistic as adults. Children of substance abusers more likely to be pessimistic |
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Interpretation of child's behavior by parents |
If they attribute failures to external events, will have increased optimism |
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School and optimism |
Pessimistic parents can work below potential in classroom Teacher's praise for stable, unchangeable characteristics produces more helplessness in children than for changeable characteristics |
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Trauma and optimism |
Those who experienced trauma at some point more pessimistic than those who had not |
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What optimism predicts (7) |
Better academic performance Better athletic performance More productive work records Greater satisfaction in interpersonal relationships More effective coping with stress Less vulnerability to depression Superior physical health |
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LOT |
Life Orientation Test, includes positive and negative expectancies. Revised to LOT-R, has 10 statements on 5-pt Likert scale |
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Optimistic coping strategies (5) |
Information seeking
Active coping/planning (better at problem solving) Positive reframing Use of humour Acceptance (less denial) |
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Pessimistic coping strategies (5) |
Suppression of thoughts Giving up Self-distraction Focus on distress Overt denial |
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What is predicted by LOT-R |
Starting university Performing in work Enduring a missile attack Caring for cancer patients Coping with cancer Bone marrow transplant Post-partum depression Handling coronary bypass (before, after, long-term |
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Reality and optimism testing |
Tests do not test reality of circumstances, could be that pessimism is warranted |
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Optimistic bias |
Tendency to see things only as optimistic. Can be reduced if performance can be verified, only appears when event is controllable. Often still realistic |
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Characteristics of optimistic beliefs (3) |
1) bounded 2) Strategic 3) responsibe (adjustable) |
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Information processing in optimists |
Pay more attention to negative information Remember more negative info Process more negative info Pay more attention to useful info in general |
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Attributional retraining |
Cognitive restructuring, teaches children to substitute local, unstable and external attribution for global, stable internal attributions. These may be fragile, child may know it is inaccurate |
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Penn Resiliency Program |
Based on adult CBT, led with a group of 8-12. Uses cognitive restructuring, skill acquisition |
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Skill acquisition in PRP (5) |
Problem solving Emotion-control techniques Relaxation Assertiveness and negotiation |
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Cognitive distortion in optimism (12) |
Dichotomous thinking Overgeneralization Selective abstraction Disqualifying positive Mind reading Fortune telling Catastrophizing Maximizing/minimizing Emotional reasoning Should statements Labeling Personalization |
