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138 Cards in this Set
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Carbamazepine
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Type: Neuropathic Pain Anti-convulsant
Mechanism: Glutamate antagonist Use: Pain relief, Epilepsy; Bipolar disorder SE: Autoinduction of metabolism; Granulocyte suppression; Aplastic anemia; rash |
Neuropathic Pain Anti-convulsant
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Lamotrigine
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Type: Neuropathic Pain Anti-convulsant, Mood Stabilizer
Mechanism: Glutamate antagonist Use: Pain relief, Epilepsy; Bipolar disorder SE: Autoinduction of metabolism; Granulocyte suppression; Aplastic anemia; rash |
Neuropathic Pain Anti-convulsant, Mood Stabilizer
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Nortriptyline
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Type: Neuropathic Pain, Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA)
Mechanism: NE and serotonin Reuptake inhibitor Use: Rapid pain relief; depression SE: Anti-muscarinic, anti-histaminergic, anti-adrenergic; Dry mouth, blur, confusion, sedation, hypotension; sexual dysfunction, seizures, myocardial depression |
Neuropathic Pain, Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA)
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Propanolol
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Type: Anti-migraine, anxiolytic, anti-angina/HTN
Mechanism: Beta-Blocker Use: Pain relief - preventative. Used with nitrates, decreases HR, which decreases cardiac O2 demand and BP. Anxiety SE: Can trigger bronchospasm in asthmatic pts; masks hypoglycemia |
Anti-migraine, anxiolytic, anti-angina/HTN
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Probenecid
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Type: Uricuric agent
Mechanism: Increase urate excretion (prevents reabsorption) Use: Acute gout SE: GI irritation, rash |
Uricuric agent
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Diazepam
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Type: Benzodiazepines
Mechanism: Allosterically enhance binding of GABA Use: Preoperative Meds (lowers anxiety). Generalized anxiety, panic, seizure,muscle relaxation. Anti-convulsant (status epilepticus) SE: Drowsiness, ataxia, impaired judgment, tolerance |
Benzodiazepines
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Lorazepam
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Type: Benzodiazepines
Mechanism: Allosterically enhance binding of GABA Use: Preoperative Meds (lowers anxiety). Generalized anxiety, panic, seizure,muscle relaxation. Anti-convulsant (status epilepticus) SE: Drowsiness, ataxia, impaired judgment, tolerance |
Benzodiazepines
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Morphine
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Type: Opioid
Mechanism: mu receptor agonist Use: Preoperative Meds (sedation); schedule II SE: Constipation |
Opioid
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Nitrous Oxide
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Type: Inhalation Anesthetic
Mechanism: Volume expansion theory; non-specific effects at specific cell receptors Use: SE: malignant hyperthermia; increase in HR, unstable BP; muscle rigidity and cyanosis (antidote - dantrolene, muscle relaxant |
Inhalation Anesthetic
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Cocaine
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Type: Sympathomimetic
Mechanism: Blocks reuptake of NE Use: Local anesthetic: topical - rapid onset and short duration; Used with epinephrine (keeps drug localized by constricting BV's); schedule II SE: Drowsy, tired, fuzzy thinking, blur, muscle pain, Higher incidence of allergic RXN |
Sympathomimetic
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Baclofen
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Type: Antispasmodic agents
Mechanism: Action on spinal reflexes (GABA agonist) Use: Treatment for MS, cerebral palsy, spinal injury, stroke SE: Myalgias; increased IOP, intraabdominal and ICP; malignant hyperthermia (succinyl); histamine release |
Antispasmodic agents
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Dantrolene
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Type: Antispasmodic agents
Mechanism: Directly-acting (RyR antagonist) Use: Muscle relaxant; antidote for malignant hyperthermia SE: Myalgias; increased IOP, intraabdominal and ICP; malignant hyperthermia (succinyl); histamine release |
Antispasmodic agents
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Metaxalone
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Type: Antispasmodic agents
Mechanism: CNS depressant Use: alleviate spasms associated with MS, cerebral palsy, stroke, or spinal injury SE: Myalgias; increased IOP, intraabdominal and ICP; malignant hyperthermia (succinyl); histamine release |
Antispasmodic agents
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Tizanidine
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Type: Antispasmodic agents
Mechanism: alpha-2 agonist Use: alleviate spasms associated with MS, cerebral palsy, stroke, or spinal injury SE: Myalgias; increased IOP, intraabdominal and ICP; malignant hyperthermia (succinyl); histamine release |
Antispasmodic agents
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Zolpidem
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Type: Benzodiazepines: Insomnia
Mechanism: Allosterically enhance binding of GABA Use: Hypnotic - induces sleep SE: Addictive; Drowsiness, ataxia, impaired judgment, tolerance |
Benzodiazepines: Insomnia
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Zaleplon
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Type: Insomnia
Mechanism: Non-benzodiazepine Use: Hypnotic - induces sleep SE: Addictive; Drowsiness, ataxia, impaired judgment, tolerance |
Insomnia
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Phenobarbital
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Type: Barbiturate: Insomnia and Anti-convulsant
Mechanism: Glutamate antagonist: inhibits reticular activating system Use: Insomnia and anti-convulsant - epilepsy (long-acting) SE: Sedation |
Barbiturate: Insomnia and Anti-convulsant
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Topiramate
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Type: Anticonvulsant
Mechanism: Glutamate antagonist Use: Secondary anti-epileptic drug SE: |
Anticonvulsant
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Phenytoin
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Type: Anticonvulsant; Anti-dysrhythmic
Mechanism: Inactivates Na channels Use: Epilepsy; ventricular tachycardia SE: Gingival hyperplasia, blur, vertigo, nystagmus |
Anticonvulsant; Anti-dysrhythmic
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L-Dopa (Levodopa)
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Type: Parkinson's (Dopaminergic)
Mechanism: Increased DA synthesis: can cross BBB and becomes DA Use: Parkinson's, Parkinsonism SE: Dyskinesia; hallucinations; confusion |
Parkinson's (Dopaminergic)
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Carbidopa
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Type: Parkinson's (Dopaminergic)
Mechanism: Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor Use: Parkinson's, Parkinsonism SE: Dyskinesia; hallucinations; confusion |
Parkinson's (Dopaminergic)
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Selegiline
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Type: Parkinson's
Mechanism: Decreased DA catabolism: MAOB-I Use: Parkinson's SE: |
Parkinson's
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Bromocriptine
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Type: Parkinson's
Mechanism: DA receptor agonists Use: Use in combo with L-Dopa SE: Parkinsonism |
Parkinson's
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Haloperidol
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Type: Antipsychotics (Typical)
Mechanism: Dopamine antagonist Use: Schizophrenia SE: Sedation, dry mouth, sexual dysfunction, bradykinesis, tardive dyskinesia; Hyperprolactinemia; Moderate weight gain; neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
Antipsychotics (Typical)
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Risperidone
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Type: Antipsychotics (Atypical)
Mechanism: Dopamine and serotonin antagonist Use: Schizophrenia; mood stabilizer SE: Sedation, dry mouth, sexual dysfunction, bradykinesis, tardive dyskinesia; Diabetes mellitus; Hypercholesterolemia; Hyperprolactinemia |
Antipsychotics (Atypical)
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Fluoxetine
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Type: Antidepressants
Mechanism: SSRI Use: First-line for depression; OCD; Bulimia; PMDD SE: HA, tremor, insomnia; Serotonin syndrome: nervousness, shivers, confusion, sweating, fever, HTN, increased HR |
Antidepressants (SSRIs)
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Phenelzine
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Type: Antidepressants
Mechanism: MAOI - Prevent breakdown of catecholamines; able to inhibit cytP450 Use: 2nd to 3rd-line anti-depressants SE: Anti-muscarinic, anti-adrenergic; Hypotension, dry mouth, hypertensive crisis with tyramine; CNS excitation, suppression of REM sleep, hepatoxicity |
Antidepressants (MAOI)
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Bupropion
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Type: Antidepressants (Atypical)
Mechanism: Use: Also treats nicotine dependence SE: |
Antidepressants (Atypical)
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Methimazole
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Type: Antithyroid
Mechanism: Inhibits synthesis of thyroid hormone by accumulation Use: Hyperthyroidism; prior to thyroid surgery or radiotherapy SE: Hypothyroidism; arthralgia; pancytopenia |
Antithyroid
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Propylthiouracil
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Type: Antithyroid
Mechanism: Interferes with use of iodine; blocks synthesis of T3 and T4 Use: Hyperthyroidism; iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis; thyroiditis; shrink thyroid before surgery SE: HA, vertigo, loss of taste |
Antithyroid
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Potassium Iodide
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Type: Antithyroid
Mechanism: Saturates the thyroid gland; inhibits hyperplastic thyroid gland Use: Hyperthyroidism SE: GI, irregular HR |
Antithyroid
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Somatostatin
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Type: Antithyroid
Mechanism: Inhibits release of TSH and GH Use: Hyperthyroidism SE: |
Antithyroid
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Levothyroxine
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Type: Thyroid
Mechanism: Synthetic form of thyroxine (T4): mimics activity of thyroid hormone; regulates basal metabolic rate Use: Hypothyroidism SE: Osteoporosis, arrhythmia |
Thyroid
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Insulin
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Type: Hormone
Mechanism: Increases uptake of glucose Use: Diabetes mellitus SE: |
Hormone
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Chlorpropamide
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Type: Diabetes: Sulfonylurea (1st gen)
Mechanism: Stimulate insulin release; inhibit glucose synth. from aa and FA; increase number of insulin receptors Use: Mild to moderate DM2 SE: Hypoglycemia, blur, GI |
Diabetes: Sulfonylurea (1st gen)
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Glyburide
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Type: Diabetes: Sulfonylurea (2nd gen)
Mechanism: Stimulate insulin release; inhibit glucose synth. from aa and FA; increase number of insulin receptors Use: Mild to moderate DM2 SE: Hypoglycemia, blur, GI |
Diabetes: Sulfonylurea (2nd gen)
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Metformin
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Type: Diabetes: Biguanide
Mechanism: promote glucose uptake by increasing insulin receptor binding; decrease gluconeogenesis; slow glucose absorption, increase glucose removal Use: DM2 - keeps blood sugar levels from rising too high or too fast after meals SE: Anorexia, GI |
Diabetes: Biguanide
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Pioglitazone
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Type: Diabetes: Thiazolidinedione
Mechanism: Improves cells sensitivity to insulin by stim. of receptor in SkM, liver, and fat cells Use: Adjuncts to diet for DM2 SE: hepatoxicity, edema, anemia |
Diabetes: Thiazolidinedione
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Acarbose
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Type: Diabetes
Mechanism: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor: inhibits absorption of sugar from GI Use: DM2: Can be used in combo with Sulfonylurea SE: GI, gas, hypoglycemia |
Diabetes
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Miglitol
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Type: Diabetes
Mechanism: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor: inhibits absorption of sugar from GI Use: DM2: Can be used in combo with Sulfonylurea SE: GI, gas, hypoglycemia |
Diabetes
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Pramlintide
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Type: Diabetes
Mechanism: Inhibits glucagon Use: DM2 SE: |
Diabetes
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Exenatide
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Type: Diabetes
Mechanism: Inhibits glucagon Use: DM2 SE: |
Diabetes
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Sitagliptin
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Type: Diabetes
Mechanism: Inhibits glucagon Use: DM2 SE: |
Diabetes
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Prednisone
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Type: Corticosteroids
Mechanism: Anti-inflammatory Use: Addison's disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia; rheumatic, allergic, neoplastic, other; Topical: pruritis, psoriasis, eczema SE: insomnia, behavioral changes, acute peptic ulcer; Cushing's, acne; osteoporosis, diabetes, delayed healing, cataracts, glaucoma |
Corticosteroids
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Ketoconazole
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Type: Cushing's Disease
Mechanism: Biosynthetic inhibitor: decreases testosterone prod. Use: Cushing's SE: |
Cushing's Disease
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Mifepristone
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Type: Cushing's Disease
Mechanism: Steroid receptor antagonist Use: Cushing's SE: |
Cushing's Disease
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Tamoxifen
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Type: Non-steroidal Estrogen
Mechanism: Simulates estrogen Use: Treatment and prevention of breast cancer SE: |
Non-steroidal Estrogen
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Mifepristone
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Type: Contragestational agent
Mechanism: anti-progestin Use: contragestation SE: |
Contragestational agent
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Methyltestosterone
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Type: Androgen
Mechanism: Anabolic activity Use: Correct hypogonadism, increase sperm prod, cryptorchidism, breast cancer, endometriosis, postpartem breast enlargement, fibrocystic breast disorder SE: Insomnia, excitation, GI, increases libido |
Androgen
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Flutamide
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Type: Androgen antagonist
Mechanism: antagonize androgen receptors Use: SE: |
Androgen antagonist
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Finasteride
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Type: Anti-androgens
Mechanism: reduces prostate dihydrotestosterone Use: benign prostatic hyperplasia - decreases prostate size SE: |
Anti-androgens
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Verapamil
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Type: Anti-HTN; Anti-Angina; Anti-dysrhythmic
Mechanism: Blocks Ca Channels Use: Hypertension; slow heart rate, vasodilation, decreases vascular tone SE: Dizziness; hypotension; HA |
Anti-HTN; Anti-Angina; Anti-dysrhythmic
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Phenoxybenzamine
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Type: Anti-HTN
Mechanism: Peripherally acting: Inhibits NE release and storage Use: Severe hypertension; decreases vascular tone and BP SE: Drowsiness, HA |
Anti-HTN
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Losartan
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Type: Anti-HTN
Mechanism: Angiotensin II receptor antagonist Use: Hypertension; Blocks vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion SE: Cough, kidney damage, hyperkalemia |
Anti-HTN
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Captopril
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Type: Anti-HTN
Mechanism: ACE Inhibitor: Stops converson of angiotensin I to angiotensin II Use: Hypertension; vasodilation, increase renal blood flow SE: Photosensitivity, kidney damage, hyperkalemia |
Anti-HTN
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Hydralazine
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Type: Anti-HTN
Mechanism: Vasodilator Use: Hypertension; increased blood flow and decreased BP; Must be used in combo with beta blockers and diuretics SE: Tachycardia, HA, Hypotension |
Anti-HTN
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Hydrochlorothiazide
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Type: Anti-HTN
Mechanism: Thiazide diuretic: promotes water loss; Works on convoluted tubule, collecting duct Use: Mild to moderate Hypertension; edema; Decreases blood volume SE: Hypokalemia, GI, jaudice |
Anti-HTN
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Furosemide
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Type: Anti-HTN
Mechanism: Loop diuretic: promotes water loss; Works on loop of Henle Use: Most potent - DOC for acute pulmonary edema (CHF), HTN, hypercalcemia (increases tubular Ca secretion) SE: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, ototoxicity |
Anti-HTN
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Triamterene
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Type: Anti-HTN
Mechanism: Potassium-sparing diuretic: Blocks epithelial sodium channel Use: Hypertension; Mild diuresis w/o affecting blood K levels; edema SE: Hyperkalemia |
Anti-HTN
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Aliskiren
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Type: Anti-HTN
Mechanism: Renin inhibitor: inhibits conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin Use: Hypertension; vasodilation SE: |
Anti-HTN
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Cholestyramine
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Type: Anti-Hyperlipidemia
Mechanism: Bile acid sequestrant: bind bile salts to form insoluble complex that is excreted Use: Hyperlipidemia; decreases serum cholesterol and LDL SE: Constipation, impaired absorption of fat-soluble vitamins |
Anti-Hyperlipidemia
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Clofibrate
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Type: Anti-Hyperlipidemia
Mechanism: Fibric acid derivative: Blocks lipolysis of stored TG, inhibits uptake of Fas, inhibits prod of TG Use: severe familial hypercholesterolemia SE: GI, blurred vision, muscle weakness |
Anti-Hyperlipidemia
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Ezetimibe
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Type: Anti-Hyperlipidemia:
Mechanism: Cholesterol Absorption blocker: Inhibits absorption of dietary lipid into intestinal tract Use: Hyperlipidemia SE: |
Anti-Hyperlipidemia:
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Orlistat
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Type: Anti-Hyperlipidemia:
Mechanism: Cholesterol Absorption blocker: Inhibits lipase Use: Hyperlipidemia SE: |
Anti-Hyperlipidemia:
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Nicotinic Acid (Niacin)
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Type: Anti-Hyperlipidemia
Mechanism: Decreases TG synthesis: lowers VLDLs, LDLs, and total cholesterol Use: Hyperlipidemia; Adjuvant treatment SE: Intense cutaneous flush, pruritis, gout |
Anti-Hyperlipidemia
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Warfarin
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Type: Anticoagulant (Oral)
Mechanism: Interferes with hepatic synth of vit K-dependent clotting factors Use: Long-term anticoagulant SE: Bleeding, teratogenicity |
Anticoagulant (Oral)
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Heparin
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Type: Anticoagulant (IV)
Mechanism: Inhibits conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin Use: Anticoagulant; Cardiovascular and lung disorders; open-heart surgery; dialysis SE: Bleeding, fever, thrombocytopenia |
Anticoagulant (IV)
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Streptokinase
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Type: Thrombolytic
Mechanism: Facilitate conversion of plasminogen to plasmin; hydrolyzes fibrin Use: Dissolves blood clots; severe pulmonary embolism; DVT; arterial thromboembolism; MI, stroke SE: Bleeding |
Thrombolytic
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Isosorbide Dinitrate
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Type: Anti-angina: Nitrate
Mechanism: Dilate BV's; decrease cardiac oxygen demand; relaxes spasms; increase O2 supply Use: Longer duration; all types of angina pectoris SE: HA |
Anti-angina: Nitrate
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Propanolol
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Type: Anti-dysrhythmic: Class II
Mechanism: Beta-Blocker Use: Dysrhythmia - increases HR; heart excitability; conduction velocity; automaticity SE: GI, insomnia, nightmares |
Anti-dysrhythmic: Class II
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Digoxin
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Type: Ionotropic: Cardiac Glycoside
Mechanism: Inhibits sodium ATPase pump; increases intracellular Ca Use: CHF; atrial fibrillation and flutter; decrease heart size, increase renal blood flow SE: HA, visual disturbances |
Ionotropic: Cardiac Glycoside
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Ethacrynic acid
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Type: Loop diuretics
Mechanism: Blocks reabsorption of Na, Cl, K, HCO3; (promotes water loss); Works on loop of Henle Use: Most potent diuretics - DOC for acute pulmonary edema (CHF), HTN, hypercalcemia (increases tubular Ca secretion) SE: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, ototoxicity |
Loop diuretics
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Furosemide
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Type: Loop diuretics
Mechanism: Blocks reabsorption of Na, Cl, K, HCO3; (promotes water loss); Works on loop of Henle Use: Most potent diuretics - DOC for acute pulmonary edema (CHF), HTN, hypercalcemia (increases tubular Ca secretion) SE: hyponatremia, hypokalemia, ototoxicity |
Loop diuretics
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Ipecac
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Type: Emetics
Mechanism: Irritates intestinal mucosal layer; stimulates vomiting center in medulla Use: Induces vomiting SE: Sedation |
Emetics
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Homatropine
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Type: Cycloplegic mydriatic
Mechanism: Cholinergic antagonist Use: Mydriasis and cycloplegia SE: |
Cycloplegic mydriatic
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Scopolamine
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Type: Cycloplegic mydriatic
Mechanism: Cholinergic antagonist Use: Mydriasis and cycloplegia (also used as a preoperative drug) SE: |
Cycloplegic mydriatic
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Cyclopentolate
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Type: Cycloplegic mydriatic
Mechanism: Cholinergic antagonist Use: Mydriasis and cycloplegia SE: |
Cycloplegic mydriatic
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Tropicamide
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Type: Cycloplegic mydriatic
Mechanism: Muscarinic antagonist Use: Mydriasis and cycloplegia SE: |
Cycloplegic mydriatic
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Epinephrine
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Type: Mydriatic
Mechanism: Norepinephrine agonist Use: Mydriasis SE: |
Mydriatic
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Dapiprazole
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Type: Miotic
Mechanism: Norepinephrine antagonist Use: Miosis - used to reverse mydriasis SE: |
Miotic
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Phentolamine
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Type: Miotic
Mechanism: Norepinephrine antagonist Use: Miosis SE: |
Miotic
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Carbachol
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Type: Miotic
Mechanism: Muscarinic agonist Use: Miosis (used for glaucoma treatment) SE: |
Miotic
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Pilocarpine
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Type: Miotic
Mechanism: Muscarinic agonist Use: Miosis (diagnostic for Adie's pupil) SE: |
Miotic
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Echothiophate
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Type: Miotic
Mechanism: Cholinesterase inhibitor Use: Miosis SE: |
Miotic
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Physostigmine
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Type: Miotic
Mechanism: Cholinesterase inhibitor Use: Miosis SE: |
Miotic
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Benzalkonium chloride
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Type: Preservative
Mechanism: Destroys or inhibits multiplication of microorganisms Use: Inactive agent in topical drugs SE: Epithelial toxicity with prolonged use |
Preservative
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Polyquaternium
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Type: Preservative
Mechanism: Destroys or inhibits multiplication of microorganisms Use: Inactive agent in topical drugs SE: Epithelial toxicity with prolonged use |
Preservative
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Thimerosal
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Type: Mercurial Preservative
Mechanism: Destroys or inhibits multiplication of microorganisms Use: Inactive agent in topical drugs SE: Epithelial toxicity with prolonged use |
Mercurial Preservative
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Purite
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Type: Preservative
Mechanism: Destroys or inhibits multiplication of microorganisms Use: Inactive agent in topical drugs SE: Less toxic |
Preservative
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Gentamicin
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Type: Topical Aminoglycosides
Mechanism: Bactericidal; concentration dependent; inhibits protein synthesis Use: Effective against gram negatives SE: Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction: low-grade blepharoconjunctivitis or blepharodermatitis; tobramycin has the least problems |
Topical Aminoglycosides
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Neomycin
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Type: Topical Aminoglycosides
Mechanism: Inhibits protein synthesis Use: Found only in combination formulation; cannot fight pseudomonas; Effective against gram negatives SE: Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction: low-grade blepharoconjunctivitis or blepharodermatitis; tobramycin has the least problems |
Topical Aminoglycosides
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Tobramycin
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Type: Topical Aminoglycosides
Mechanism: Bactericidal; concentration dependent; inhibits protein synthesis Use: Effective against gram negatives; one of 4 most effective for adults SE: Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction: low-grade blepharoconjunctivitis or blepharodermatitis; tobramycin has the least problems |
Topical Aminoglycosides
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Azithromycin
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Type: Topical Macrolide
Mechanism: Time-dependent; interrupts protein synthesis Use: High-viscosity solution; pediatric treatment SE: |
Topical Macrolide
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Prednisolone (Pred Forte)
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Type: Topical: Maximum strength steroid
Mechanism: Ketone-based - degraded slowly; enters cornea readily Use: Greatest anti-inflammatory effect of all ophthalmic steroids; Uveitis; severe episcleritis; iritis; allergic conjunctivitis; Gold standard for post-operative inflammation control SE: PSC and increased IOP |
Topical: Maximum strength steroid
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Loteprednol
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Type: Topical: Maximum strength steroid
Mechanism: Ester-based - degraded more quickly than the rest Use: Significant inflammatory conditions (Lotemax); taper use SE: Minimized by shorter duration |
Topical: Maximum strength steroid
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Rimexolone
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Type: Topical: Maximum strength steroid
Mechanism: Use: FDA approved for post-operative inflammation control; anterior uveitis SE: IOP-sparing effect |
Topical: Maximum strength steroid
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Fluorometholone alcohol
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Type: Topical: Moderate strength steroid
Mechanism: Use: Treats chronic inflammation (iridocyclitis, chronic allergy) SE: IOP-sparing effect |
Topical: Moderate strength steroid
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Fluorometholone acetate
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Type: Topical: Moderate strength steroid
Mechanism: Use: More clinically effectice because of acetate SE: IOP-sparing effect |
Topical: Moderate strength steroid
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Dexamethasone
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Type: Topical: Low strength steroid
Mechanism: Use: Less effective than prednisolone SE: PSC and increased IOP |
Topical: Low strength steroid
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Trifluridine
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Type: Topical Anti-viral
Mechanism: Use: Herpes Simplex keratitis; use oral antiviral if ineffective SE: |
Topical Anti-viral
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Diclofenac
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Type: Topical NSAID
Mechanism: Anti-inflammatory Use: Used for allergies SE: Corneal toxicity, melting |
Topical NSAID
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Ketorolac
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Type: Topical NSAID
Mechanism: Anti-inflammatory Use: Used for allergies; also used for migraines SE: Corneal toxicity, melting |
Topical NSAID
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Nepafenac
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Type: Topical NSAID
Mechanism: prodrug - converts to amfenac (Can penetrate to posterior segment) Use: post-cataract surgery inflammation (prevent cystoid macular edema) SE: Corneal toxicity, melting |
Topical NSAID
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Bromfenac
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Type: Topical NSAID
Mechanism: Enhanced ocular penetration Use: Post-operative inflammation and pain SE: Corneal toxicity, melting |
Topical NSAID
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Ketotifin
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Type: Topical: Acute allergy
Mechanism: H1 receptor blocker Use: Over the counter; both antihistamine and mast cell stabilization SE: |
Topical: Acute allergy
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Olopatadine
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Type: Topical: Acute allergy
(most popular) Mechanism: H1 receptor blocker Use: Both antihistamine and mast cell stabilization SE: |
Topical: Acute allergy
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Epinastine
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Type: Topical: Acute allergy
Mechanism: H1 receptor blocker Use: Anti-histamine SE: |
Topical: Acute allergy
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Azelastine
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Type: Topical: Acute allergy
Mechanism: H1 receptor blocker Use: Anti-histamine SE: |
Topical: Acute allergy
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Brimonidine
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Type: Alpha-2 agonist
Mechanism: Reduces IOP by 20% to 25% Use: Glaucoma; used in addition to PG SE: Ocular hyperemia |
Alpha-2 agonist
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Betaxolol
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Type: Beta Blockers
Mechanism: Decreases production of aqueous humor Use: Glaucoma; also used for HTN SE: |
Beta Blockers
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Levobunolol
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Type: Beta Blockers
Mechanism: Decreases production of aqueous humor Use: Glaucoma SE: |
Beta Blockers
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Timolol
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Type: Beta Blockers
Mechanism: Reduction of aqueous humor production; reduces IOP by 25% Use: Glaucoma; used in the morning SE: |
Beta Blockers
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Acetazolamide
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Type: CAI's
Mechanism: Inhibits carbonic anhydrase, and therefore production of aqueous humor Use: Glaucoma SE: |
CAI's
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Brinzolamide
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Type: CAI's
Mechanism: Inhibits carbonic anhydrase, and therefore production of aqueous humor; reduces IOP by only 15% Use: Glaucoma; ophthalmic suspension SE: |
CAI's
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Dorzolamide
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Type: CAI's
Mechanism: Inhibits carbonic anhydrase, and therefore production of aqueous humor; reduces IOP by only 15% Use: Glaucoma; ophthalmic solution SE: |
CAI's
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Latanoprost
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Type: Prostaglandins
Mechanism: Increases uveoscleral flow; reduces IOP by 30% Use: DOC for Glaucoma; used in the evening SE: Hyperpigmentation; eyelash growth; conjunctival injection |
Prostaglandins
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Travoprost
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Type: Prostaglandins
Mechanism: Increases uveoscleral flow; reduces IOP by 30% Use: DOC for Glaucoma; used in the evening SE: Hyperpigmentation; eyelash growth; conjunctival injection |
Prostaglandins
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Isosorbide
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Type: Hyperosmotic agent
Mechanism: Creates an osmotic gradient that favors the movement of water out of body tissue Use: Glaucoma - acute situations, not for chronic use SE: |
Hyperosmotic agent
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Cephalexin
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Type: Oral Antibiotic: penicillin
Mechanism: Inhibits cell wall growth Use: Severe bacterial conjunctivitis SE: |
Oral Antibiotic: penicillin
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Doxycylcine
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Type: Oral Antibiotic: Tetracycline
Mechanism: Use: Recurrent Corneal Erosion; prescribe with Lotemax; meibomian gland dysfunction SE: |
Oral Antibiotic: Tetracycline
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Oral Prednisone
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Type: Glucocorticoid
Mechanism: anti-inflammatory Use: Marked or Stubborn Iridocyclitis; orbital pseudotumor; allergic blepharodermitis; Bell's Palsy SE: Increases IOP |
Glucocorticoid
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Famcyclovir
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Type: Oral Antivirals
Mechanism: Use: Bell's Palsy SE: |
Oral Antivirals
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Acyclovir
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Type: Oral Antivirals
Mechanism: Use: Herpes Simplex keratitis; use if trifluridine fails SE: |
Oral Antivirals
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Clavulanic acid
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Type: Antibiotic helper
Mechanism: Beta-lactamase inhibitor Use: Used with amoxicillin to form Augmentin; common eye and eyelid infections SE: |
Antibiotic helper
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Canthaxanthine
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Type: Systemic Drug that causes eye problems
Mechanism: Use: Oral suntanning agent, food and drug coloring agent SE: Crystalline retinopathy |
Systemic Drug that causes eye problems
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Celecoxib
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Type: Systemic Drug that causes eye problems
Mechanism: NSAID; COX-2 Inhibitor Use: Inflammation SE: Conjunctivitis; blurred vision |
Systemic Drug that causes eye problems
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Isotretinoin
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Type: Systemic Drug that causes eye problems
Mechanism: Use: Severe acne SE: Lots of SE |
Systemic Drug that causes eye problems
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Sildenafil
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Type: Systemic Drug that causes eye problems
Mechanism: Use: ED (Viagra) SE: Changes in color perception |
Systemic Drug that causes eye problems
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Alcohol
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Type: Depressant
Mechanism: Use: Recreational; treatment of methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning SE: Fetal alcohol syndrome, altered drug metabolism, liver toxicity, GI, peptic ulcer, pacreatitis, cardiomyopathy, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
Depressant
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Disulfiram
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Type: Aversive Pharmacotherapy
Mechanism: Produces acute sensitivity to alcohol Use: Treats alcohol abuse SE: |
Aversive Pharmacotherapy
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Naloxone
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Type: Opioid Antagonist
Mechanism: Use: Treats opioid dependence SE: |
Opioid Antagonist
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Mescaline
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Type: Psychedelic hallucinogen (phenethylamine class)
Mechanism: From peyote cactus - bind serotonin receptors Use: Recreational SE: Sympathetic NS activation |
Psychedelic hallucinogen (phenethylamine class)
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Marijuana
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Type: Cannabinoid
Mechanism: Bind cannabinoid receptors (CB's), calcium and potassium ion channel activation Use: Recreational, medicinal SE: |
Cannabinoid
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PCP (Phencyclidine)
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Type: Dissociative drug
Mechanism: NMDA receptor antagonist Use: Formerly used as anesthetic agent; recreational SE: Hallucinations; mania, delirium, disorientation, neurotoxicity |
Dissociative drug
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Aldosterone
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Type: Hormone
Mechanism: Increases Na reabsorption; increases K secretion Use: Regulates electrolytes SE: |
Hormone
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Vasopressin
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Type: Hormone
Mechanism: Makes the DCT and collecting duct permeable to water Use: Water reabsorption - regulates water balance (increases BP and blood volume) SE: |
Hormone
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Prolactin
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Type: Hormone
Mechanism: Activates mammillary tissue Use: Stimulates milk production SE: |
Hormone
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Methanol
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Type: Poison
Mechanism: Use: Antidote: Ethanol; Gastric lavage, hemodialysis SE: Retinal damage, decreased HR, respiratory depression |
Poison
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