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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Hippocrates
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advocated that the physician should focus on the patient and not the disease
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2. Homeopathic medicine
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system based on minute doses of remedies that in massive doses produce symptoms in healthy individuals similar to those of the disease being treated
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3. August 6th, 1828
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AT Still was born. Set all this osteopathic crap in motion
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4. Meningitis
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Epidemic that took the lives of three of AT Still's children
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5. How did the medical field influence AT Still at the time?
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1850's and 1860's medical practitioners were poorly trained. Treatements were unsophisticated and more dangerous than the illnesses. Remedies included: laxatives, blood letting, mercury compounds, and drugs in EtOH bases.
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6. June 22, 1874
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AT Still "flung the banner of osteopathy to the breeze"
wooo hoo... |
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7. Osteopathic principles
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Body is a unit
Structure determines function Body possesses self-regulatory mechanisms Body has the inherent capacity to defend and heal itself |
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8. Which is the first and foremost principle of osteopathic medicine?
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Body is a unit
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9. What is the goal of manipulation?
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Homeostasis
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10. What is the percentage that the neuromuscular system comprises in the body?
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60%
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11. What is an example of a viscero-somatic reflex?
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Gallbladder disease can cause tissue texture changes at the level of T6-T8 on the right
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12. What was the year that the first osteopathic school was formed?
What was it called? |
American school of Osteopathy in Kirksville, MO
Formed in 1892 |
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13. In what year did AT Still die?
How old was he at the time? |
1917
89 years old |
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14. Who the hell was Flexner and what did he have to do with osteopathic medicine?
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In 1910, he wrote the report on medical education in the US which resulted in the shutdown of many allopathic and osteopathic schools.
Medical education improved as a consequence 30 osteopathic schools -> 6 (survived using only their own resources) |
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15. What was the effect of WWI and WWII on osteopathic medicine?
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Osteopathic physicians were not allowed to practice in the armed services during several wars. As a result, their practices at home were strengthened as all the allopathic physicians were drafted.
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16. In what years did California try to pull the bullshit move?
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1961-62
Liscensing of osteopathic physicians in California was halted; MD defrees were granted to DO's in the state and DO's around the country could convert their DO degree into an MD degree for just $65. |
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17. How many osteopathic schools are there in the US?
How many branches? |
As of 2008, there are 25 schools
3 branch campuses |
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18. What was the result of the Great Swine flu pandemic of 1918-1919?
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Killed 20 million people worldwide
Influenza patients under MD care had much higher rates of death than those under DO care |
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19. What state established the first state supported osteopathic medical school?
When? |
Michigan established the first state supported osteopathic medical schools in 1969-1970
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20. What is the osteopathic philosophy?
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Total body care is not simply a combo of allopathic medicine and manipulation
Treating the patient not the disease Focus on the neuromusculoskeletal system This philosophy permeates throughout all aspects of health maintenance and disease prevention |
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21. What is integrative medicine?
Who founded it? |
Integrative medicien embraces the human being as a combo of body, mind, and spirit.
Integrative medicine is the combo of conventional and alternative medicine; a so called best of both worlds. Founded by Andrew Weil, MD |
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22. What is preventative medicine?
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Preventative medicine is a basic premise of osteopathic medicine. By treating the patient instead of the disease, the osteopathic physician is able to advise the patient to pursue those actions that lead to greater health.
Specifically, it endeavors to avert those acute health crises which require conventional interventions. |
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23. Compare and contrast conventional and alternative approaches to healthcare.
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The conventional medical model approach is to treat the symtoms of a disease or illness after it has progressed (passed the clinical level). Alternative medicine seeks to prevent symptomatic disease in its patients. It stresses the importance of living well so that the person may live pain and symptom free
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24. Which conditions are better treated with conventional therapies?
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Those conditions that are life threatening are best treated by conventional models.
MI Severe hypertension Type I diabetes Trauma Fractures |
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25. Which conditions are better treated with alternative medical therapies?
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More chronic problems, and those that can benefit most by preventative medicine
Hypertension Stroke recovery Allergies Type II diabetes Muscle sprains/strains Arthritis |
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26. What is the difference between gross motion and physiologic motion?
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Gross motion: motion that can be observed with your eyes
Physiologic motion: occurs between joints and cannot be seen with your eyes; must be palpated. |
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27. What are the types of vertebral motion?
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1. Flexion
2. Extension 3. Rotation right and left 4. Lateral flexion (side bending) |
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28. Fryette's principles
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In 1918, Fryette presented a paper that described vertebral motions;
included both those that occur normally and those that occur b/c of a problem |
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29. Fryette principle I
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Spine is neutral
Side bending induced Rotation occurs opposite that of side bending A normal moment of spine a) Documentation: r = right l = left (b) N = neutral (c) F = flexed (d) E = extended (e) S = side bent (Example: “T3-8 SrRl” = “Thoracic vertebrae #3-#8, Side bent right, Rotated left” Chronic; follows type I mechanic |
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30. Fryette principle II
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Extreme flexion or extension
Two vertebral segments; one vertebrae is sidebent and rotated in the same direction while the others are side bent and rotated opposite Acute; follows type II mechanics |
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31. Fryette principle III
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Initiate motion in any plane and this will modify the movement in other planes of motion
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32. Movement of atypical vertebrae
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Atlas- specialized in rotation
Occipital- rotates and sidebends opposite Sacrum- rotates and sidebends opposite |
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33. Movement of extremities
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Involves restriction of minor muscles; either from the joint or muscles or soft tissue
Joints with a single plane of motion are usually restricted b/c of the joint itself. Joints with multiple planes are restricted because of muscles |
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34. In what ways do we name somatic dysfunctions?
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Named for the direction of freer motion; this is opposite of the direction of restriction
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35. Type I motion
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a) Group motion
b) Neutral c) S and R occur together d) Side bending to the side of concavity e) Rotation to the convexity f) Muscle mass prominent on the convexity g) Maximum rotation at apex h) Posterior transverse process on convex side |
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36. Type II motion
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a) Single segment motion restriction
b) Involves flexion and extension c) Rotation and side bending same side d) Both toward the concavity e) Posterior component on the side of concavity *Top, bottom, and apex of spine are areas more likely to present a Type II |
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37. Define somatic dysfunction:
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impaired or altered function of related component of the somatic system: skeletal, arthrodial, and myofascial structures and
related vascular, lymphatic, and neural elements. |
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38. What is the diagnostic criteria for somatic dysfunctions?
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TART
Tenderness Asymmetry Restriction of motion Tissue texture |
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39. What are the signs of acute dysfunctions?
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Vasodilation
Edema Tenderness Pain Contraction Skin warm/moist Muscle spasm Minimal viscero-somatic changes |
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40. What are the signs of chronic dysfunctions?
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Vasoconstriction
Itching and fibrosis Tenderness Paresthesias Contracture Skin cool/pale Muscle flaccid Frequent viscero-somatic changes |
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41. What is knowledge of physiological motion important?
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Dx: you need to know about normal motion to evaluate disturbances of motion
Tx: it allows you to be specific while treating restrictions in all planes and axes |
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42. Summary of palpation and somatic dysfunctions
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Acute changes: skin moist, red, puffy, warm
1. Muscle hypertonic, boggy 2. If untreated will develop chronic changes Chronic changes: skin dry, thin, slick 1. muscle firm, hard, ropy 2. motion stiff, restricted |
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43. What is the physiologic barrier?
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Functional limit
Within the anatomic range Limited voluntary motion of a joint |
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44. What is the anatomic barrier?
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It is further than the physiologic barrier.
Motion past the anatomical barrier will almost always be trouble. |
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45. What is the restrictive barrier?
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A functional limit within the anatomic range of motion
Abnormally diminishes the normal physiologic range Neutral position changes |
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46. What are the rule of 3's?
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A. Spinous processes are not always at the same level as transverse processes of the same vertebrae, as seen in the thoracic region when the spinous processes are long and point superiorly
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47. T1-T3
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T 1-3 are at the same level are the same vertebrae’s TP
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48. T4-T6
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T 4-6 are ½ way between level of same vertebrae’s TP and the TP of the vertebrae below
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49. T7-T9
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T 7-9 are at the level of the lower vertebrae’s TP
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50. T10-T12
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T 10-12 gradually return back to same level:
1. T 10 same as T 7-9 2. T 11 same as T 4-6 3. T 12 same as T 1-3 |
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51. What are the exceptions to Fryette's principles?
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Cervical vertebrae
Single vertebra in the cervical region is neither Type I or Type II! |
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52. Where are the transitional areas of the spine?
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• occipito-atlantal
• C7-T1 • T12-L1 • L5-S1 |
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53. What is the somatic dysfunction etiology?
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abnormal neural impulses to muscles causing joint restriction and pain
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54. Somatic dysfunction and the nervous system in a nutshell:
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The brain is the central processor of information; but the spinal cord is the organizer
Feedback from areas in the spinal cord to the brain helps maintain normal function Exception: parts of the body may be communicated directly with one another without the intervention from the brain; this explains viscerosomatic dysfunctions |
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55. ANS
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Divided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Controls moment by moment activity of viscera |
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56. Sympathetic NS
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Chain runs bilaterally from T1-L2
Exits with somatic motor axons via intervertebral foramina Travel with somatic axons for much of their course Inferior to head and neck of ribs Posterior to pleura Regulates circulation, metabolism, smooth muscle tone, intestinal motility, cardiac function, and pulmonary response |
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57. Parasympathetic NS
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Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 (vagus)
Sacral nerves S2, S3, S4 |
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58. Compare viscerosomatic reflexes with somatiovisceral reflexes
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viscerosomatic refers to the musculoskeletal pain inflicted upon the body due to visceral dysfunction. The viscera must be treated to correct the problem
Somatovisceral is somatic dysfunction which disrupts the visceral functions; By making changes in the spinal alignment, changes were observed in the viscera |
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59. Adjusted max heart rate
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Age Adjusted Max Heart rate
220-Age for males 226-Age for females this is what your max is when we say exercise at 60% of your max Aerobic requires oxygen Anaerobic does not require oxygen Both are important. Need to train both of the systems |
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60. Concentric and eccentric muscle exercises
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Concentric
Making the muscle shorter Eccentric The lengthening of muscle. Making them long and strong |
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61. What happens as you age?
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As you age your numbers decrease
You can fight it, but it will happen Sarcopenia – loss of muscle mass You lose flexibility, testosterone, VO2 max. Body fat will increase. FOOSH- Fell On OutStretched Hand Lose visual acuity, hearing, smell, taste, memory, sleep, depression It’s all about preventing falls and staying young at heart |
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62. What are the fitness building blocks?
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Endurance
Strength- Helps with the quality of life Flexibility Balance- Maintains posture |
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63. What is morbid obesity?
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Morbid Obesity = 100lbs overweight
3% of US Surgeon wont operate if they wont do well |
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64. What are training principles in exercise?
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Progressive Overload
Individuality If it’s not fun, it won’t get done 500 Calories a day 7 days a week. One pound a week. Duration 20-60 Minutes is recommended one session or multiple sessions of 10 minutes or more Intensity of Training 65%-90% of MHR people who are unfit should start at 55% |
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65. Define FITT
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Frequency
Intensity Time Type |
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66. What is tensegrity?
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It refers to the integrity of structures as being based in a synergy between balanced tension and compression components.
Tensegrity is the exhibited strength that results "when push and pull have a win-win relationship with each other". |
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67. C7
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Vertebra prominens
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68. Inferior angle of scapula
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T7
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69. Spine of scapula
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T3
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70. Suprasternal notch
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T2
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71. Angle of Louis
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T4 (Rib 2 articulation)
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72. True ribs
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Ribs 1-7
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73. False ribs
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Ribs 8-12
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74. Typical ribs
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Ribs 3-9
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75. Atypical ribs
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Ribs 1, 2, 10, 11, 12
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76. Main motion of thoracic spine
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ROTATION
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77. Pump handle motion
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Ribs 1-5
Palpated at midclavicular line Axis of motion is costovertebral-costotransvere line |
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78. Bucket handle motion
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Ribs 6-10
Palpated at mid axillary line Axis of motion is costovertebral-costosternal line |
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79. Caliper motion
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Ribs 11, 12
Motion predominantly in transverse plane Ribs externally rotate with inhalation |
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80. Chapman point reflexes
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represents the somatic manifestation of visceral dysfunction. Specifically, it represents viscero-somatic reflexes.
Used more for Dx than for Tx |
