Ophtho Vmd 422 Exam 1

Front 1

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

Back 1

Outer, Fibrous
Middle, Vascular
Inner, Nervous

Front 2

What are the 3 components to the outer, fibrous layer and where are they located?

Back 2

Cornea (anterior)
Sclera (posterior)
Limbus (junction of the cornea and sclera)

Front 3

What is the function of the outer fibrous layer?

Back 3

Protection, transmission and refraction of light

Front 4

What are the 3 components to the middle, vascular layer and where are they located?

Back 4

Iris (most anterior)
Ciliary body (posterior to iris)
Choroid (most posterior, under retina)

Front 5

What are the 2 components of the anterior uvea?

Back 5

Iris
Ciliary Body

Front 6

What is the function of the ciliary body?

Back 6

Produces the aqueous

Front 7

What is the function of the middle, vascular layer?

Back 7

Nutrition, immunity and accomodation

Front 8

What is accomodation?

Back 8

The ability to focus at a distance or up close

Front 9

What are the components of the inner, nervous layer?

Back 9

The retina

Front 10

What is the function of the inner, nervous layer?

Back 10

Responsible for turning light into an electrical nervous impulse

Front 11

What are the 2 parts of the conjunctiva?

Back 11

Palpebral
Bulbar

Front 12

What is the fornix?

Back 12

Where the palpebral conjunctiva reflects onto the bulbar conjunctiva

Front 13

Where is the palpebral conjunctiva?

Back 13

It lines the inside of the eyelids and the 3rd eyelid

Front 14

Where is the bulbar conjunctiva?

Back 14

It covers the anterior aspect of the sclera

Front 15

What two structures make up the optical media?

Back 15

Cornea
Lens

Front 16

What is the optical media?

Back 16

The structures that allow light to enter the eye and refract light

Front 17

What is the most powerful refractive element in the eye?

Back 17

The cornea...

because it has an air interface

Front 18

Where is the anterior chamber located?
What is inside of it?

Back 18

Between the posterior aspect of the cornea and the anterior aspect of the iris and lens
The aqueous

Front 19

What is the significance of the iridocorneal angle?

Back 19

Where the aqueous drains from the eye; located at the anterior base of the iris and the peripheral, posterior aspect of the cornea

Front 20

Where is the posterior chamber located?

Back 20

Between the posterior aspect of the iris and the anterior aspect of the lens

Front 21

Where is the Vitreous cavity?

Back 21

located between the posterior aspect of the lens and the retina

Front 22

Where is the tapetum?

Back 22

Lies immediately under the retina, part of the choroid

Front 23

What to the fibers of the optic nerve leave through?

Back 23

The scleral lamina cribosa (small holes in the sclera)

Front 24

What are the 4 clinically important layers of the adnexa?

Back 24

1. Skin
2. Orbicularis oculi m.
3. Meibomian (tarsal) gland
4. Palpebral conjunctiva

Front 25

What is the function and significance of the orbicularis oculi muscle?

Back 25

function: responsible for closing eyelids/responsible for blepharospasm
significance: primary holding layer for eyelid sx

Front 26

What do the Meibomian glands produce?

Back 26

The lipid layer of the tear film

Front 27

What does the palpebral conjunctiva contain?

What else is relevant about the palpebral conjunctiva?

Back 27

Goblet cells that produce the mucous layer of the tear film

Source of tissue for grafts and flaps during surgical procedures

Front 28

What is the function and innervation of the Levator palpebrae superioris muscle?

Back 28

Opens upper eyelid
innervated by CN III

Front 29

Muller's Muscle
-type of muscle
-function
-innervation

Back 29

-smooth muscle
-function is to maintain a consistent palpebral fissure opening
-sympathetic innervation

Front 30

Which muscle is responsible for ptosis in Horner's syndrome

Back 30

Muller's muscle

Front 31

4 Functions of the adnexa?

Back 31

1. General protection
2. Spread tear film and prevent evaporation
3. Produces lipid and mucous portions of tear film
4. Tear drainage

Front 32

4 General signs of eyelid disease?

Back 32

Redness
Swelling
Blepharospasm
Secondary effects --> corneal changes, epiphora

Front 33

What are the 4 layers of the cornea?

Back 33

1. Epithelium (5-10 cells thick)
2. Stroma
3. Descemet's Membrane
4. Endothlium

Front 34

Which layer of the cornea is highly hydrophobic?

Back 34

Epithelium

Front 35

Which layer of the cornea is highly hydrophilic?

Back 35

Stroma

Front 36

Which layer of the cornea will take up fluorescein dye?

Which do not?

Back 36

Stroma will take up dye

Epithelium and Descemet's Membrane will not

Front 37

Which layers of the cornea are involved in keeping the cornea dehydrated?

Back 37

Epithelium
Endothelium (has Na/K pump which can remove fluid from the stroma via active transport)

Front 38

What are the 2 source of nutrition for the cornea?

Back 38

1. tears (anterior)
2. aqueous (posterior)

Front 39

Where is the Na/K pump found in the cornea?

Back 39

Corneal endothelium

Front 40

5 factors involved in corneal transparency?

Back 40

1. avascularity
2. relative dehydration
3. orderly arrangement of stromal collagen fibrils
4. lack of pigment
5. non-keratinzed epithelium

Front 41

What are 3 functions of the cornea?

Back 41

1. Transmission of light
2. Refraction of light
3. Part of the outer fibrous layer --> protection

Front 42

Name 2 organisms that can infect a healthy cornea to cause an ulcer

Back 42

Herpesvirus
Morixella bovis

Front 43

What nerve innervates the stroma, and where is it innervated?

Back 43

CN V
The anterior aspect of the stroma is innervated, while the posterior aspect is not

Front 44

Corneal edema is a _______ (specific/nonspecific) sign and suggests a problem in one of these two layers _________ or _________
If the edema is diffuse, that suggests the defect is in the ______ while if the edema is sectional, that suggests the defect is in the __________

Back 44

Corneal edema is a nonspecific sign and suggests a problem in the epithelium or endothelium
If the edema is diffuse, that suggests the defect is in the endothelium while if the edema is sectional, that suggests the defect is in the epithelium

Front 45

What are the epithelial and endothelial components of the blood-aqueous barrier?

Back 45

Epithelial: junctions between inner, non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body
Endothelial: non-fenestrated capillaries of the iridal vessels

Front 46

Iris Sphincter muscle
-type of muscle
-what nerve innervates it?
-what type of innervation
-how oriented?

Back 46

-smooth muscle
-CN III
-parasymapthetic
-circumferential

Front 47

Iris dilator muscle
-type of muscle
-type of innervation
-how oriented?

Back 47

-smooth muscle
-sympathetic innervation
-radially

Front 48

Entropion
-what is it and where
-common breeds
-tx

Back 48

-Rolling in of the eyelid margin, usually at the lateral aspect of the lower lid
-mid to large breeds (retrievers, shar peis)
-tx: <1 year: eye lube + tacking if severe; >1 year: Hotz-Celsus "smile"

Front 49

Ectropion
-what is it and where
-common breeds
-tx

Back 49

-loss of contact of the lower eyelid margin, usually at the central portion
-cockers, bloodhounds, St. Bernard's, Mastiffs, other giant breeds
-tx: usually none, topical lube

Front 50

Distichiasis
-what is it
-common breeds
-tx

Back 50

-A cilium emerges from the opening of the ducts of the Meibomian gland
-cocker spaniels, Golden retrievers
-manually epilate to see if it's causing the problem; after regrowth can use cryo or electroepilation to remove

Front 51

Ectopic cilia
-what is it
-tx

Back 51

-cilia that emerge through the palpebral conjunctiva
-excision with cryotherapy

Front 52

Trichiasis
-what is it
-signs
-breeds
-tx

Back 52

-hairs in contact with the ocular surface (usually medial canthus and nasal folds)
-wicks tears onto the surface of the face
-brachycephalic breeds
-usually nothing, can cryo off

Front 53

Where are the 3 layers of the tear film produced?

Back 53

aqueous: produced by lacrimal gland and the gland of the 3rd eyelid

lipid: produced by the meibomian gland

mucous: produced by goblet cells in the conjunctiva (fornix)

Front 54

Function of aqueous layer of tears?

Back 54

nutrition to cornea + immunity

Front 55

Function of the lipid layer of tears?

Back 55

allows for even spreading and prevents evaporation

Front 56

Function of the mucous layer of tears?

Back 56

allows for the aqueous portion to adhere to the hydrophobic corneal epithelium

Front 57

Characteristics of an uncomplicated corneal ulcer

Back 57

-involves only corneal epithelium (no stromal loss)
-heals within 7-10 days (often sooner)
-no change in stromal character
-no extensive corneal vascularization

Front 58

Characteristics of a complicated corneal ulcer

Back 58

-increasing depth (non-specific)
-presence of a stromal infiltrate (specific)
-change in stromal character (melting)
-corneal vascularization (non-specific)
-hasn't healed in 7-10 days

Front 59

What are the most common causes of a complicated corneal ulcer?

Back 59

-infection (bacterial/fungal/viral)
-foreign bodies
-exposure
-persistent corneal ulceration syndrome
-ectopic cilia/entropion