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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sectorial thickening of the anterior sclera and congestion of the associated episcleral vessels. May be unilateral or bilateral and is usually self-limiting and non-painful.
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Simple episcleritis
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Treatment for simple episcleritis.
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Topical or intralesional corticosteroids.
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Nodular pink masses that occur bilaterally and non painful. Originate at the temporal limbus, commonly invade into adjacent cornea.
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Nodular Granulomatous Episclerokeratitis
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What is seen on histopathologic examination with nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis?
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Granulomatous inflammation with proliferation of histiocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
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True or false: Nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis does not threaten vision.
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False
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Treatment for nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis
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Topical and conjunctival corticosteroids
Topical cyclosporine Systemic azathioprine OR +/- surgical removal with cryotherapy OR Oral tetracycline and niacinamide |
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Prognosis for nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis
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Controllable but unlikely to cure
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How does ocular nodular fasciitis differ histologically from nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis?
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Histologically: Fibroblasts with abundant reticulin proliferation, fewer lymphocytes
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How is ocular nodular fasciitis treated?
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Surgical removal by cryotherapy
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Prognosis for ocular nodular fasciitis
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Surgical removal is curative
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This scleral condition is typically painful, bilateral, and is marked by scleral inflammation, corneal infiltrates, edema, anterior uveitis, and retinal detachment.
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Diffuse scleritis
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Breed predisposed to diffuse scleritis
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Cocker Spaniel
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Treatment for diffuse episcleritis
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Topical corticosteroids
Systemic immunosuppressive medications (steroids/azathioprine) |
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Prognosis for diffuse scleritis
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Fair to guarded
Relapse possible |
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This membrane covers the inner surface of both eyelids, the exposed sclera, and the nictitating membrane in one continuous layer.
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Conjunctiva
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Produced by conjuctival goblet cells
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Mucin
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Source of corneal epithelial stem cells
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Conjunctiva
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Normal flora of the conjunctiva
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Non-keratinized squamous epithelium
Goblet cells Rare leukocytes Rare bacteria |
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Most conjunctival disorders elicit these same signs
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Hyperemia
Chemosis Ocular discharge |
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Swelling of the conjunctiva is also referred to as...
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Chemosis
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Conditions that predispose a patient to bacterial conjunctivitis
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Eyelid conformation defects
KCS |
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Clinical signs of bacterial conjunctivitis
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Mucopurulent ocular discharge
Conjunctival hyperemia Variable blepharospasm |
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Treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis
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Broad spectrum topical antibiotics TID
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What causes viral conjunctivitis in the dog?
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Canine distemper virus
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Causes of canine conjunctivitis (4 broad categories)
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Bacterial
Viral Parasitic Rickettsial |
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Two rickettsial organisms that may cause conjunctivitis in the dog
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R. rickettsii
E. canis |
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Most common etiologic agent of infectious conjunctival and corneal disease in the cat.
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Feline herpes virus
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Percentage of herpes infected cats that develop latent infection
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80%
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Percentage of latently-infected cats with herpes that will later recrudesce
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45%
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Common cause of herpes recrudescence in cats
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Stress
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Clinical signs of feline herpes virus with conjunctivitis
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Variable, from mild serous discharge and blepharospasm to severe blepharospasm, hyperemia, ocular discharge, and corneal ulceration
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How contagious are cats infected with herpes?
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Highly
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How is feline herpesvirus diagnosed?
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PCR on conjunctival or corneal scrapings
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Value of serology in diagnosing feline herpesvirus
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Little worth due to widespread seropositivity
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Treatment for feline herpesvirus conjunctivitis
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Topical antibiotics to prevent secondary infection
Oral famcyclovir Topical idoxuridine Oral L-lysine |
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Downside of using topical idoxuridine to treat feline herpesvirus conjunctivitis
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High frequency of Tx required (6-8 X/daily)
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Highly contagious cause of conjunctivitis that causes severe chemosis, conjunctivial hyperemia, and serous-to-purulent ocular discharge. Fairly common in occurence.
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Chlamydiophila felis
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How is Chlamydiophila felis diagnosed?
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Intracytoplasmic inclusions on conjucntival scrapings
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Treatment for Chlamydiphila felis.
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Topical tetracycline QID!
Topical chloramphenicol and erythromycin OR Systemic tetracycline, doxycycline, or azithromycin |
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Cause of feline conjunctivitis that also has zoonotic potential.
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Chlamydiophila felis
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This feline conjunctivitis agent is diagnosed by demonstrating small basophilic intracytoplasmic clusters.
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Mycoplasma
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Is Mycoplasma more commonly a primary or secondary cause of conjunctivitis in cats?
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Secondary
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Treatment for allergic conjunctivitis
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Topical corticosteroids
Topical antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers |
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These ophthalmic drugs are commonly implicated in hypersensitivity reactions
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Aminoglycosides like neomycin or gentamycin
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Dogs with allergic conjunctivitis also are likely to have this condition
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Atopy
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Common cause of mucoid ocular discharge, folicular hypertrophy, and conjunctival hyperemia in young large breed dogs.
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Canine folicular conjunctivitis
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A dog presents with clear blisters on the bulbar nictitans, mucoid ocular discharge, and red conjunctivae. What is a primary differential diagnosis?
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Canine folicular conjunctivitis
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How is folicular conjucntivitis treated?
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Topical corticosteroids or cyclosporine
Irrigation of conjunctival surfaces |
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Prognosis for canine follicular conjunctivitis
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Recurrent early in life
Most dogs eventually outgrow |
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Reduction in aqueous tear production that is a common cause of canine conjunctivitis.
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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
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Most common cause of KCS
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Immune-mediated destruction of lacrimal gland tissue
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Is KCS more common in cats or dogs?
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Dogs
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Why are Schirmer tear tests not very reliable for the diagnosis of feline KCS?
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Many stressed cats have reduced tear production b/c of epinephrine response.
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Term for aberrant dermal tissue and associated hairs at the medial canthus-- commonly seen in Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, and Pekingese
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Caruncular trichiasis
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Chronic conjucntivitis and mucoid ocular discharge in large breed dogs with deep orbits and enophthalmos may be due to...
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Medial canthal pocket syndrome
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How frequent are conjunctival neoplasms in the dog?
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Infrequent
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Treatment for medial canthal pocket syndrome
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Regular flushing of ventral fornix with eyewash
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Most common conjunctival neoplasms in the cat
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Melanoma
Lymphoma |
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Most common conjunctival neoplasm in the horse
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Congenital mass on the conjunctiva that has characteristics of normal skin with associated hair.
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Dermoid
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Describe the healing capacity of the conjunctiva.
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Lacerations usually heal without surgical intervention
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Usual indication for conjunctival flaps/grafts.
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Complicated corneal ulcers
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This structure's form is held by a "T" shaped cartilage. It has lymphoid aggregates in its submucosa and is covered by conjunctiva.
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Nictitating membrane
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What is the role of the nictitating membrane?
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Protect the cornea from injury
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This species can actively pull its nictitating membrane over the cornea via skeletal muscle insertions
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Cats
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Another name for the nictitating membrane
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3rd eyelid
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Secondary function of the nictitating membrane
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Production of aqueous tears
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Most common primary disorder of the nictitans.
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Cherry eye, or prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid
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What causes cherry eye?
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Weak fascial attachments of the gland to the inferior periorbital tissues
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Possible consequences of cherry eye
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Conjucntivitis
Ocular discharge Decreased tear production |
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Does spontaneous 3rd eyelid prolapse more commonly affect young dogs or old?
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Young, under 3 years
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Treatment for cherry eye
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Surgical repositioning of the gland
May need topical antiinflamatory medication pre-op |
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Outward rolling of the shaft of the "T" cartilage
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Scrolled cartilage
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Scrolled cartilage is most common in...
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Large breed dogs
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Treatment for scrolled cartilage of the nictitans.
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Surgical excision of the folded part of the cartilage only. (NOT THE NICTITANS!)
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List some of the causes of protrusion of the nictitans
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Space occupying orbital lesions
Horner's syndrome Enophthalmos |
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This neoplasm of the nictitans appears similar to cherry eye
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Adenocarcinoma
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This cellular infiltration of the nictitans is often associated with pannus
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Plasmoma
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Prognosis for plasmoma
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Control is possible with cyclosporine, but cure is not
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