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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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balanced scorecard
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perofrmance assessment that includes metric important to customers and employees as well as financial metrics
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competitiveness
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the degree to which a nation can produce goods and services that meet the test of international markets
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Core Competencies
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the essential capabilities that create a firms sustainable competitive advantage
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Craft production
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the process of handcrafting products or services for individual customers
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division of labor
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dividing a job into a series of small tasks each perofrmed by a different worker
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flexibility
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in operations the ability to adjust to changes in product mix, production volume, or product and process design
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hoshins
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the action plans generated from the policy deployment process
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Operations Mgmt
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the design operation and improvement of productive systems
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Operations
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a function or system that transforms inputs into outputs of greater value
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Value chain
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a series of activities from supplier to customer that add value to a product or service
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Tranasofmration process can be :
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physical-as in manufacturing operations
locational-as in transportation or warehouse operations exchange-as in retail operations phsiological-as in health care psychological-as in entertainment;or informational-as in communication |
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Craft production-
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the process of handcrafting products or services for indidivudla customers
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interchangeable parts
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the standardization of parts intitially as replacements parts enabled mass production
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scientific mgmt
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the systematic analysis of work methods
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mass production
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the high-volume production of a standarizied product for a mass market
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lean production
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an adapation of mass production that prizes quality and flexibility
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supply chain mgmt-
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managing the flow of information, products, and services across a network of customers, enterprises and suppliers
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Productivity equation
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output
_________ input |
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single-factor productivity
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output output output
______ ______ _____ labor materials capital |
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multifactor productivity
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output
_________________ labor+materials+overhead output ___________________ labor+energy+capital |
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total factor productivity
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goods and services produced
______________________ all inputs used to produce them |
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Strategy--
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provides directions for achieving a mission
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primary task
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what the firm is int he business of doing
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Strategy formulation consists of five basic steps:
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defining a primary task
assessing core competencies determining order winners and order qualifiers posiitoning the firm deploying the strategy |
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Core competency
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what the firm does better than anyone else
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Order qualifiers-
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what qulifies an item to be considered for purchase
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order winner-
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what wins the order
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posiitoning--
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how the firm chooses to compete
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speed-
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fast moves, fast adaptations, tight linkage
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quality--
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please the customer
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flexibility--
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the ability to adjust changes in product mix, production volume, or design
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mass customization--
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the mass production of custoermized products
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policy deployment
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translates corporate stratgegy into measurable objectives
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balanced scorecord--
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finances--how should we look to our shareholders
customers--how should we look to our customers processes--at which business process must we excel learning and growing--how will we sustain our ability to change and improve |
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key performance indicators--
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a set of measure that help managers evaluate performance in critical areas
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fitness for use
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is how well the product or service does what is suppose to
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quality of design
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involves designing quality characterisitics into a product or service
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Dimensions of quality for manufactured products--
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performance
features reliability conformance durability serviceability aesthetics safety other perceptions |
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Dimensions of quality for services
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time and timeliness
completeness courtesy consistency accessibility and convenience accuracy responsiveness |
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quality of conformance--
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is making sure the product or service is produced according to design
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The deming wheel
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1) plan
2)do 3) study/check 4) assess the plan is it working |
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Quality Tools
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Process flowchart
cause and effect diagram check sheet pareto analysis histogram scatter diagram statisitical process control chart |
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process flowchart--
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a flowchart is a diagram of a job operation or process
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cause-and-effect diagram
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a chart showing the different categories of problem causes
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cause-and -effect matrix--
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a grid used to priotized causes of quality problems
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Pareto analysis--
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most quality problems result from afew cases
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Scatter diagrams
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is a graph showing how two process variables relate to each other
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Total quality mgmt: TQM-
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customer-oriented, leadership strategic planning, employee responsbility, continous improvement, cooperation, statisitcal methods, and training and education
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quality mgmt system--
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a system to achieve customer satisfaction that complements other company systems
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Partnering--
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a relationships between a company and its supplier based on mutual quality standards
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participative problem solving
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employees are directly involved in the quality mgmt process
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Kaizen--
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involves everyone in a process of continous improvement
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quality circle--
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a group of coworkers and supervisors from the same area who address quality problems
Organization Training problem identification problem analysis solution presentation |
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benchmark
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"best" level of quality achievement in one company that other companies seek to achieve
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six sigma--
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measure of how much a process deviates from perfection
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six sigma process
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the four basic steps of six sigma--align, mobilize, accelerate and govern
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champion--
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an executive responsible for project success
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breakthrough strategy--
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define, measure, analyze, improve, control
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black belt--
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the project leaders
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master black belt
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a teacher and mentor for black belts
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green belts
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project team members
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design for six sigma--
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a systematic approach to designing products and processes that will achieve six sigma
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prevention costs:
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costs incurred during product design
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appraisal costs:
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costs of measuring, testing, and analyzing
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internal failure costs
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include scrap, rewor, process failure, downtown, and price reduction
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external failure costs
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include complaints, returns warranty claims, liability, and lost sales
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index numbers
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ratios that measure quality costs against a base value
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labor index--
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the ration of quality cost to labor hours
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cost index
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the ratio of quality cost to manufacturing cost
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sales index
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the ratio of quality cost to sales
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production index
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the ratio of quality cost to units of final product
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Quality index:
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total quality costs(100)
-------------------------------- base/sales |
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Productivity equation:
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productivity= output
---------- input |
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productivity--
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the ratio of output to input
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quality impact on productivity:
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fewer defects increases outputs and quality improvement reduces inputs
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Yield:
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a measure of produdctivity
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Yield equation:
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(total input)(%good units)+(total input)(1-%good units)(%reworked)
Y=(I) (&G)+(I)(1-%G)(%R) I--planned number units of product started in the production process %G--percentage of good units produced %R--percentage of defective units that are successully reworked |
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Manufacturing cost per product formula
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Product cost=(Kd)(I)+(Kr)(R)
------------------- Y |
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Multistage product yield formula:
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Y=(I)(%g1)(%g2)...(%gn)
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Quality-producitivity Ratio formula
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QPR= good-quality units
---------------------------(100) (input units)(processing cost)+(reworked units)(rework cost) |
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Statisitical process control
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involves monitoring the production process to detect and prevent poor quality
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sample--
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a subset of the items produced to use for inspection
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attribute
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a product charactertisitic that can be evaluated with a discrete response (good/bad,yes/no)
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variable measure--
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a product charactertistic that is continous and can be measured (weight, length)
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control chart--
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a graph that establishes the control limits of a process
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control limits
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the upper and lower bands of a control chart
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p-chart
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uses the proportion of defective in a sample
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c-chart
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uses the number of defective items in a sample
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range [R-] chart:
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uses the amount of dispersion in a sample
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Mean [X-] chart
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uses the process average of a sample
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pattern test--
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determines if the observations within the limits of a control chart display a nonrandom pattern
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Process capability:
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the range of natural variability in a process--what we measure with control charts
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run
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a sequence of sample values that displaythe same tenency in a control chart
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tolerances
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product design specifications required by the customer
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variable measure
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a product charactertisitc that can be measured, such as weight or length
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perceptual map--
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visual method of comparing customer perception so fdifferent products or services
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benchmarking--
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comparing a product or process agains the best-in-class products
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reverse engineering:
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carefully dismantling a competitors product to improve your own product
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Rapid protyping:
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testing and revising a preliminary design model
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Form design
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how the product will look
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functional design
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how the product will perform
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reliability
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the probability that a product will perform its intended function for a specificed period of time
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maintainability:
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the ease with which a product is maintained or repaired
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usability
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ease of use of a product or service
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production design:
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how the product will be made
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simplification-
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redduces the number of parts, assembles, or options in a product
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Standardization:
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when commonly available and interchangeale parts are used
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Modular design--
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combines standarized building blocks, or modules, to create unique finished products
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DFM:
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designing a product so that it can be produced easily and economically
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concurent design:
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simultaneously designing products and processes by design teams
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CAD:
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assists in the creation modification, and anlysis of a design
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CAE:
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a software system that tests and analyses designs on the computer screen
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CAD/CAM:
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the ultiamte deisgn to mnaufacture connection
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PLM:
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managing the entire life cycle of a product
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CPD:
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a software system ofr collaborative design and development among trading partners
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failure mode and effects analysis
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a systematic method of analyzing product failures
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fault tree analysis
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a visual method of analyzing the interrelationships among failures
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Values analysis:
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a procedure for eliminating unncessary features and functions
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Design for environment:
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designing a product from material that can be recycled or easily repaired rather than discarded
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Extended producer responsbility
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when companies are held responsible for their product even afters it useful life
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sustainability:
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the ability to meet present needs without compromising those of future generations
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Quality function deployment (QFD):
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translates the voice of the customer into technical design requirements
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robust design:
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yields a product or service designed to withstand variations
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tolerances
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allowable ranges of variation
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Reliability in series formula:
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Rs = (R1)(R2)...(Rn)
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Reliability in parallel formula:
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Rs=R1 + (1-R1) R2 or
Rs=1 - [(1-R1)(1-R2)...(1- Rn)] |
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MTBF
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time
--------- # failures |
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system availability
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SA= MTBF
------------ MTBF + MTTR |
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Statistical process control is a tool primarily for
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identifying problems in order to make improvements
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For a variable data process to be in control
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both the process average and process variability must be in control.
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Variable data are used in
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and R charts
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Control charts can be used to determine:
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A. when to adjust a process.
B. when to leave a process alone. C. the capability of a process |
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The calculations for x-bar charts are based on the ______________ distribution
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normal
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process capability
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is the natural variability of a process
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A control chart pattern
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indicates a process is out of control
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Which of these statements concerning 3 sigma control limits is NOT true?
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The control limits are farther apart than when 2 sigma control limits are used
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A small sample of items is taken and the sample average is plotted. This average lies above the upper control limit of a 3 sigma control chart for means. What action should be taken?
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Stop the process and seek assignable cause.
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In constructing a p-chart where the average defect rate is 8 percent and the sample size is 50, what is the standard deviation?
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C. 0.0384
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A pattern test divides control charts into ____, each one ____ wide
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zones, standard deviation
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Attribute charts require ___________ samples, while variable charts require ___ sizes
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larger; smaller
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How many sigma reflect a defect rate of 3.4 ppm?
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6
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Control charts basic purpose is to:
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both a and b
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A process is generally said to be in coltrol if:
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there are no sample points outside the control limits
B. most points are near the process average C. approximately equal numbers of sample points occur above and below the center line |
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A pattern can indicate an out of control process even when the control charts indicate the process is in control.
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True
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A pattern test is used to determine whether the range of a set of sample values is reasonable.
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false
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Once a process is determined to be in control it can then be ignored until management wants to run another control analysis on the process.
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false
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Tolerances are design specifications reflecting product requirements
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true
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All processes have variability
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true
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A c-chart is used when it is not possible to compute a proportion defective and one must use the actual number of defects
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true
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SPC can not be used for services, only for manufactured goods production
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false
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Mean charts are only concerned with upper control limits because the lower control limits are never valid
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false
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A lower control limit for a p-chart should never be plotted as a negative number.
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true
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Some firms use samples sizes as small as two.
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true
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_____________________ refers to the ease with which a product can be repaired.
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Maintainability
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Which one of the following techniques improves product design by analyzing failures?
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fmea
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A complex computer program that tests and analyzes designs on the computer screen is called:
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cae
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A system consists of three elements, which have reliabilities 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9. The reliability of this system is:
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.504
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_________________ yields a product or service designed to withstand variations in environmental and operating conditions.
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Robust design
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The house of quality:
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converts the voice of the customer into design technical requirements.
B. is one of the matrices used in quality function deployment. C. does not produce an optimal solution. D. All of the above. |
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Good design practices include:
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simplifying operations.
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Collaborative design can take place:
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between designers in the same company.
B. between manufacturers and suppliers. C. between manufacturers and customers. D. All of the above |
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Which of the following are true about effective design processes?
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Matches product characteristics with customer requirements
B. Ensures requirements are met in an efficient and lowest-cost fashion C. Minimizes revisions to make a re-design workable D. All of the above are true |
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Minimize the number of parts and subassemblies; avoid tools, separate fasteners, and adjustments, and use standard parts when possible and repeatable are all part of:
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dfm
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Simultaneous design by design teams is known as:
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Concurrent design
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A product software for collaborative design and development among trading partners is called a:
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cpd
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Designing a product so that it can be produced easily and economically is known as Modular Design.t/f
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False
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CAE is a software system that tests and analyzes designs on the computer. t/f?
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true
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A visual method for analyzing the interrelationships amongst failures is called FMA. t/f?
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false
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Designing a product from material that can be recycled or easily repaired rather than discarded is known as Design for environment
t/f? |
true
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Extended consumer responsibility is a concept that holds manufacturers responsible for their products even after their useful life.
t/f? |
false
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