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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abstraction
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A simplified view of an object that ignores the internal details
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Black Box
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A component whose contents are unknown
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Commmunication Service
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A set of operating systems routines that support intercomputer communication
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Device Management
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A set of operating system service responsible for communicating with the system peripheral devices, such as keyboard, the display screen, printer and secondary storage.
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File Management/File System
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A set of operating systemservices that alloes the user or programmer to create, delete, modify, and manipulate files between two computers
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Independent
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Self- Governing
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Interface
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A component that translates
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Layering
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The process of adding onto or tapping into an exsisting infrastructure.
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Memory Management
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A set of operating system services concerned with managing the computer's available pool of memory, allocating space to application and making sure that they do not interfere with each other
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Open Source
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Software, such as an operating system, that features open, published source code that can be modified by anyone
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Operating System
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An operating system is a set of software instructions that allows your computer system to operate. operating systems are written in programing languages like application programs.
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Platform
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A platform is is comprised of both the hardware and software that a given system runs on.
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Processor or process management
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A set of operating system services concerned with efficiently managing the processor's time.
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Proprietary
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Closed. made , sold , and / or licensed by an entity that retains exclusive rights to do so.
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Service
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A specific task, often a system task, that supports another program.
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Shell
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A set of service that provides a mechanism for the user and application programs to communicate with operating system support. Also known as the user interface.
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User Interface
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A set of services that provides a mechanism for the user and application programs to communicate with the operating system and request operating system support.
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Address
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A number that represents the physical location of a unit of memory
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Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
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The processor component that executes instructions.
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Backup
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A copy used to recover data or software in case the original is lost. the act of producing such copy.
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Bit
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A binary digit, either a zero or a one
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Buffer
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Temporary memory or storage used to adjust for the speed differential between adjacent devices.
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Byte
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A unit of memory that contains enough bits to represent a single character. on many computers, the basic addressable unit of memory
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Cable Modem
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A modem that links a computer to a high speed, broadband communication line such as cable.
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Cache Memory
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Is a high speed memory. programs and data are frequently held in the cache memory.
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Channel
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A device that handles device - independent I/O functions, usually on a mainframe computer.
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Clock
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A processor component that generates precisely timed electronic pulses that synchronize the other components.
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Control Unit (I/O)
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A device that handles device-dependent I/O functions, usually on a mainframe computer.
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Coprocessor
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A special- purpose processor that assist the main processor on certain operations.
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Directory
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A MS-DOS command that list the contents of a directory
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Disk
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A thin circular plate coated with a magnetic material and used to store and retrieve data
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Diskette
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A thin circular piece of flexible polyester coated with a magnetic material and used to store and retrieve data.
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E-time (execution time)
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The time during which the current instruction is executed bu arithmetic and logic unit.
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Hard Disk
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One or more thin circular plates coated with a magnetic material and used to store and retrieve data, A hard disk is faster and has a higher storage capacity than a diskette.
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Input
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The act of sending data into a computer. Data ready to be entered to a computer.
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Instruction
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One step in a program that tells the computer to perform one of its basic functions
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Instruction control unit (ICU)
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The processor component that fetches and decodes instructions form memory.
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Interface
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A component that translates the signals moving from one device to another. (2) The point of linkage between two electronic devices and/or software routines.
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I-time (instruction time)
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The first part of two instruction cycle where an instruction is fetched from the memory to the processor's registers
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Machine Cycle
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The processor of fetching and executing a single instruction.
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Main memory/Memory
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The computer component that holds currently active programs and data.
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Microcode
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A layer if circuitry that lies between memory and the processor: instructions are converted to microinstructions, which are executed in microcode . Sometimes called firmware.
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Modem
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Adevice that converts digital signal to analog and then demodulates the analog signals back to digital. a modem allows you to connect to a computer with a service provider. modem comes from the terms "modulate/demodulate".
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Output
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The act of sending data or information out from a computer (2) the results of that action.
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Processor
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The computer component that manipulates data. also known as the central processing unit or main processor.
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Program
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A series of instructions that guides a computer through a process.Each instructions tells the computer to to perform one of its basic functions:+/*- compare, copy, start input or start output
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Read(memory)
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A non destructive operation that extract the contents of memory but does not change them.
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Register
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Temporary storage located in the processor that holds control information, key,data or immediate results.
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Secondary Storage
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A fast, accurate, inexpensive, high capacity, nonvolatile extension of memory.
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Word
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A group of bytes that is treated as a unit of memory. Often holds a number or and address. Word size is a key element in computer design
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Write(memory)
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A destructive operation that records new values in memory, replacing the old content.
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Absolute Address
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A physical address defines relative to the first byte in memory.
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Application Programming Interface (API)
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A set of routines, protocols and other tools that programmers, writing in a variety of languages, can use to build applications consistent with the underlying operating environment.
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Assembler Language
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A programming language which the programmer codes one source statement for each machine- level statement.
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Base Address
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The absolute address of a routines,or set of data's entry point. typically the base address is stored in the register.
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Compiler
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A program that compares each source instruction into one or more machine level instructions
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Database
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A set if integrated, related files
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Data element
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A single, meaningful unit of data, such as a name, ssn, or temperature reading.
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Data Structure
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A rule for organizing data. A set of data elements that are stored, manipulated or moved together.
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Direct Access
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Processing data without regard for their physical order.also known as random access.
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Displacement
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A location relative to a base address
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Dynamic address translation
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The process of converting a relative address to an absolute address as a program is executed.
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File
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A set of related records
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Interpreter
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A program that works with one source statement at a time, reading it, translating it into machine level, executing the resulting binary instructions, and then moving onto the next source statement.
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Library
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An organized collection of data or software.
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Linkage editor
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A transient system routine that prepares a complete load module library for immediate of eventual loading.
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Linked list
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A list in which each node contains data plus a pointer to the next node
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Load Module
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A complete, ready-to-execute program with all subroutines in place.
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Machine Language
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The binary instructions the processor actually executes.
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Message
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A unit of communication consisting of a header, a body and a trailer. (2) In object oriented software, a communication between objects. (3) Under Mac OS X, the unit of task-to-task communication.
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Method
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A process that access and manipulates an object's data.
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Object
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A thing about which data are stored and manipulated.
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Object- Module
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A machine level version of a programmers code that can be loaded into memory and executed.
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Object- Oriented
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An approach to software development in which the software is designed and written as a set of independent objects linked by signals.
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Operation
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An external view of the object that can be accessed by other objects.
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Portability
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The ability to run a program on multiple platform
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Queue
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A type of linked list in which insertions occur at the rear and deletions occur at the front. Access to a queue is controlled by two pointers.
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Random Access
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Processing data without regard for their physical order. also known as direct access.
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Reentrant
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A program or program module that does not modify itself
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Relative Address
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An address expressed relative to some base address.
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Relative record number
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The location of a record relative to the beginning of a file.
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Sequential Access
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Processing data in physical order.
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Signal
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A responds to an event that activates an object. (2) The form in which a message is transmitted over a communication line.
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Source code
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Instructions written by a programmer in programing language.
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Stack
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A type of linked list in which all insertions and deletions occur at the top. Access to the stack is controlled by a single pointer.
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Structured Program
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A program that consist of a series of logical modules linked by a control structure.
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Access method
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A subroutine that performs application-dependent portions of the logical to physical I/O translation process.
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Architecture
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The interconnections and relationships between a computer's components.
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Bus
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A ribbonlike set of parallel electrical lines or wires that can carry several bits at a time. Used to physically link a computer's internal components.
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Controller
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A chip that controls information transfer process between a bus and memory, a bus and a peripheral and so on.
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Device driver
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Software that allows a device to operate.
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Device port
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An access point for attaching a peripheral device to an interface card or board
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External bus
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A bus that links several external peripheral devices to a system through a single port.
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Interrupt
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An electronic signal that is sensed by hardware.
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ISA (industry standard architecture)
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A standard I/O bus that links slower devices such as the keyboard and the mouse to many microcomputer systems.
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Logical I/O
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The programmers view of I/O. (2) The set of data that supports a single iteration of a program. (3)A request from an application program for a single logical record.
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Motherboard
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A metal framework that contains a series of slots linked through a bus to a processor. Memory and interface boards are plugged into the slots
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Multiple- bus architecture
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A design in which a computer system's primary components are linked by multiple buses.
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Open
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The act of establishing a link with a physical device of file.
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Parallel port
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A connection point for a parallel device such as a printer.
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PCI (peripheral component interconnect)
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A local I/O bus that links high speed peripherals, such as disk, to many personal computer system.
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Physical I/O
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The act of physical transferring a unit of data between memory and peripheral device.
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Port
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An access point for attaching a peripheral device to an interface card or board.
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Primitive
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A low- level operation that tells a peripheral device to perform single task.
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SCSI (small computer system interface)
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An interface standard that connects multiple small devices to the same adapter via SCSI bus.
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Serial port
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A connection point for a serial device such as a mouse.
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Single-bus architecture
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A design in which all a computer's components are linked to a common bus.
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Slot
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A connector for plugging a memory card or interface board into the system bus.
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USB
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An external bus used to connect such serial devices as a scanner, a mouse, and a modem to a personal computer system.
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Batch File
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A set of commands saved in a file that can subsequently be executed by typing the file name.
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Block
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A block is also known as a cluster. Linux uses the term block to represent a collection of sectors on disk
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Boot
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The program that loads the operating system into memory
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Close
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The act of terminating link to a file. in response to a close command, the file system updates the directory to indicate such information as file's length and ending address.
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Command
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A request to the operating system for service.
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Command line interface
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A user interface that requires the user to type brief, cryptic commands or acronyms.
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Command language
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A set of available commands and their syntax rules.
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File system
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A set of operating system services that allows the user or programmer to create, delete, modify and manipulate files and programs by name.
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Graphical user interface
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A user interface that presents the user with a selection of windows, icons, menus, and pointers
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Input/output control system (IOCS)
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The operating system module that communicates directly with the computer's peripherals.
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Logical record
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The unit of data requested by logical a logical I/O operation,
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Menu interface
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A user interface that presents the user with list of available options.
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Physical record
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The unit of data transferred by physical I/O operation.
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Resident
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A routine that occupies memory at all times.
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Spanned record
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A single logical record that extends to over two or more physical records.
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Transient
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A routine that is stored on disk and loaded into memory only when needed.
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Utility
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A system software routine that supports a specific support function but is not part of the resident operating system
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Voice-activated interface
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A user interface that utilize natural-language processing. key element include voice recognition and voice data entry.
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Web-form interface
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A user interface that follows the metaphor established by the internet and world wide web.
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Control Block
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A set of data that holds a partition's key control flags, constants variables, and other information required to resume executing the program following an interrupt.
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Deadlock
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A problem that occurs when two programs each controls a resource needed by the other. neither programs can continue until the other gives in, and if neither is willing to give in, the system, almost literally, spins its wheels.
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Demand paging
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Bringing pages into memory only when they are referenced.
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Dispatcher
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The operating system routine that determines the application routine or task the processor will execute next.
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Dynamic address translation
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The process of converting a relative address to an absolute address. as a program is executed.
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Dynamic memory management
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A memory management technique in which the transient area is treated as a pool of unstructured free space and a region of memory just sufficient to hold a program is allocated from the pool when the program is loaded.
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External paging device
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On a virtual memory system, the disk space that holds application programs and transient operating system pages that will not fit or are not currently needed in real memory.
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Fixed-partition memory management
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A memory management technique that divides the available space into fixed-length partitions, each of which holds one program.
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Fragmentation
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A concept where a file is spread over non-contiguous areas of disk.
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Interrupt handler
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Software that handles processor interrupts.
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Memory mapping
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A technique for minimizing the number of physical I/O operations by storing an image of the file in virtual memory.
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Memory protection
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An operating system routine that intervenes if a program attempts to modify the contents of memory locations that do not belong it and terminates the program.
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Multiprogramming
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A process management technique that takes advantage of the speed disparity between a computer and its peripheral devices to load and execute two or more programs concurrently.
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Page fault
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An event that occurs when a virtual address points to a page that is not in real memory.
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Paging
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A memory management technique in which a program is broken into fixed length pages and the pages are loaded into noncontinuous memory.
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Partition
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A section of a hard disk.
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Polling
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Making continuous requests for data from another device. For example, modems that support polling can call another system and request data.
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Pre-paging
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Predicting the demand for a new page and swapping it into memory before it is actually needed.
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Queuing routines
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An operating system routine that places programmer on queue as they enter the system
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Ready state
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The state of a program that is in the memory and ready to resume processing.
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Real computer
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A physical computer.
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Real memory
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Main memory, directly addressable by the processor.
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Region
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A variable length unit of memory allocated when the application program is first loaded
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Resident
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A routine that occupies memory at all times
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Roll in/ Roll out
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A memory management technique which a given users workspace can be rolled our to secondary storage, making room for another application in memory.
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Scheduler
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Am operating system routine that selects a program from the queue and loads it into memory.
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Segmentation
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segmentation is the process of dividing the computer memory into different overlapping segments.
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Segmentation and paging
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A memory management technique in which addresses are divided into segment number, a page number, within that segment, and displacement within the page.
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Spooling
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The act of copying input data to high speed device such as disk subsequent input or writing output data to high speed device for eventual output.
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Thrashing
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A problem that occurs when a virtual memory system finds itself spending so much time swapping pages into and out from memory that little time is left for useful work.
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Time sharing
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A process management technique in which multiple, concurrent, interactive users are assigned, in turn to a single slice before being forced to surrender the processor to the next user.
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Time slice
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A processor management technique in which each program is limited to a maximum slice time.
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Transient
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A routine that is stored on disk and loaded into memory only when needed.
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Transient - area
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The portion of memory where application programs and transient operating system routines are loaded.
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Virtual machine
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A self-contained operating environment that behaves as if it is a separate computer
. For example, Java applets run in a Java virtual machine (VM) that has no access to the host operating system. |
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Virtual memory
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A technique of simulating additional memory for an application to use. Addressable space that appears to be real storage.
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Wait state
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The state of a program that has been loaded into memory but is unable to continue executing until some event occurs.
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