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46 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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what is oncology
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sum of knowledge about tumors
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US men have a ration of ... to developing cancer
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1:2
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US woman have a ratio of ... of developing cancer
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1:3
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which state is the second leading cause of death
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US
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is cancer one disease or a group of more than 200 diseases
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a group of more than 200 diseases
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how is cancer characterized
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by the uncontrolled and unregulated growth and spread of abnormal cells
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what are carcinogens
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substances known to increase the risk for developing cancer
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what are some risk factors for cancer
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•smoking
•dietary habits •ultraviolet (UV) radiation •environmental and chemical carcinogens •smokeless tobacco •frequent heavy consumption of alcohol |
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what percentage of cancers are not inherited
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90%
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what does CAUTION stand for
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C:changes in bowel or bladder habits
A:sore that does not heal U:unusual bleeding or discharge T:thickening or lump in breast or eslewhere I:indigestion or difficulty swallowing O:obvious change in warts or moles N:nagging cough or hoarseness |
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what does anaplasia mean
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without form
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what is neoplasm
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the term for uncontrolled or abnormal growth or progressive
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what is benign
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not recurrent or progressive
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what is metastasis
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the process by which tumor cells spread from the primary site to a secondary site
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what is immunosurveillance
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the immune system's recognition and destruction of newly developed abnormal cells
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carcinoma is...
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term used for malignant tumors composed of epithelial cells, which tend to metastasize
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what is sarcoma and where do they originate
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refers to malignant tumors of connective tissues; they originate from embryonal mesoderm, such as muscle, bone, or fat, usually manifesting as a painless swelling
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how are tumors graded
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classified grade 1 to grade 4 by the degree of malignancy
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what is the difference between most differentiated and least differentiated
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•most differentiated is most like the parents tissue
•least differentiated is unlike the parents tissue |
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what are the 4 grades of tumors
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grade 1)cells differ slightly from normal cells(mild dysplasia)
grade 2)cells are more abnormal(moderate dysplasia) grade 3)cells are very abnormal(severe dysplasia) grade 4)cells are difficult to determine(anaplasia) |
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what does TNM classification system represent
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the standardization of the clinical staging of cancer
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what do the letters TNM in the classification system stand for
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T: tumor size
N: lymph nodes M: metastasis |
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how many stages are there for cancer
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there is 5 stages
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what are the 5 stages of cancer
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Stage 0: Cancer in situ
Stage 1: Tumor limited to the tissue of orgin Stage 2: Limited local spread Stage 3: Extensive local and regional spread Stage 4: Metastasis |
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papanicolaou's test is also known as...
what is a papanicolaou's test |
it is also known as pap smear test, is a means of studying cells that the body has shed during the normal sequence of growth and replacement of body tissue
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what is a biopsy
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the removal of a small piece of living tissue from an organ or other part of the body for microscopic examination
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how many different types of biopsies are there and what are there names
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4; aspiration, excision, needle, and incision
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what is incisional biopsy
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the removal of a portion of tissue for examination, such as the bite biopsy performed during endoscopy
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what is excisional biopsy
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is the removal of the complete lesion, with little or no margin of surrounding normal tissue removed
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what is needle aspiration biopsy
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is the aspiration of fliud or tissue by means of a needle
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breast biopsy id performed with an aspiration needle
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what is CA-125
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a cancer antigen detected in the blood and peritoneal ascites
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what is the relationship between cancer & aging
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older adults have a higher risk for cancer and other diseases that may affect cancer treatment, care, and recovery
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how might a pt. cope with an altered body image, resulting from cancer
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successful coping with an altered body image involves the patient reintegrating their changed appearance into their view of themselves
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which cancers have a hereditary aspect
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•Breast
•Colorectal •Ovarian •Pancreatic •Stomach •Uterine |
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how do cancer cells spread throught the body
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cancer cells break away from a primary tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system (the system that produces, stores, and carries the cells that fight infections).
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how does ultra-sound testing help in the diagnosis of cancer
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ultrasound can show the size, consistency, and shape of the structure being studied, it is most helpful distinguishing between cystic and solid filled organs
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what methods are used to diagnose prostate cancer
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•Digital rectal examination
•Prostate-specific antigen test •prostate ulrasound and biopsy •CAT scan •MRI |
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how does chemotherapy work for the treament of malignant lymphoma
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chemotherapy is the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells in the lymph nodes, lymph organs, and bone marrow, usually by stopping the cancer cells' ability to grow and divide
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what is the meaning of cachexia
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weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness
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what does stomatitis mean
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inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth
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once a pt. has discovered a lump in her breast what is the next thing that she should do
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if the lump is new or unusual and does not go away after your next menstrual period, it is time to call your doctor
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what is the meaning of autologous bone marrow transplant
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a procedure in which haematopoietic stem cells are extracted (apheresed) from a pt with lymphoma and other cancers, who is treated with high-dose chemo- and/or radiotherapy to eliminate malignant cells in the bone marrow
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what is malaise
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a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify
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what is dumping syndrome
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a rapid emptying causing distention of the duodenum or jejunum produced by a bolus of hypertonic food
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what are some foods recommended by the National cancer Institute to reduce a person's risk for cancer
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•Broccoli
•Cauliflower •Brussels sprouts •Cabbage •Carrots •Peaches •Apricots •Squash •Grapefruit •Oranges •Cantaloupe •Strawberry •Red and Green peppers •Tomatoes |
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what is granisetron (kytril) used for, how is it given to the pt
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blocks the actions of chemicals in the body that can trigger nausea and vomiting
liquid |
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