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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neoplasm |
Tumor |
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Vesicant |
Chemo drugs that is known to be irritating |
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Carcinogens |
Factor or agents that appear to cause cancer |
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Extravasation |
Leakage of IV medications into the tissues surrounding the IV site |
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Alcohol |
Causes liver cancer and liver cirrhosis |
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Smoking/ Tobacco |
Causes: Lung CA Bladder CA Cervical CA |
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Asbestos |
Very adhesive and sticky
Causes Lung CA |
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What is true in ONCO? |
THERE ARE NO EXACT CAUSE! |
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Pap Smear for Cervical CA |
@ 21 y/o Every 3 years if normal Every 1 year if abnormal |
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Grading |
Checking for CA cells Kung kumalat ba or hindi Well or poor differentiation |
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Staging |
Checking for tumor, nodes, metastatasis |
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Ann Arber |
Use for Hodgkin's and Non-hogkin's Disease |
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HWBE |
Health Worker Breast Examination Every 3 years for age 20-39 Every 1 year for age 40 and above |
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Biopsy aka |
1. Excisional 2. Incisional 3. Fine needle aspiration 4. Microscopic analysis |
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Use of needle |
Aspiration |
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Tissue samples is removed |
Incision |
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Whole mass is removed Curative diagnosis For superficial only |
Excision |
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Electric current to destroy tumor |
Electrosurgery |
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Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze tissue to cause cell destruction |
Cryosurgery |
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Topical chemotherapy and surgical removal of mass |
Chemosurgery |
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Radiation Therapy |
Reduce the size of the tumor but it can kill cancer cells |
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Most common SE of Radiation Therapy |
Fatigue |
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External Radiation |
Client is not radioactive (does not emit radiation) Done in outpatient 15-30 mins per session 2-5 days a week 2-7 weeks (whole treatment) |
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SE of External Radiation |
Radiodermatitis or Radiation Burns Mngt: Cornstarch Calamine lotion (OFF lotions) Steroids |
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Internal Radiation |
Client is radioactive during and after procedure |
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Interstitial site |
Directly placed at the tumor |
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Intercavity site |
Placed in a cavity/orifice |
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HDR |
High Dose Radiation No need hospitalization 10-20 mins, 2x a day, for 2-5 days |
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LDR |
Low Dose Radiation Needs hospitalization CONTINUOUS for 2-7 days |
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Time |
30 mins per shift 5 minutes per visit 6 visits in total |
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Distance |
3-6 feet |
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Sealed Brachytherapy Mngt |
Void/defecate before procedure CBR Low fiber Urinary catheter |
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Unsealed Brachytherapy |
2-3 flush after use Ambulatory FORCE FLUIDS! |
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Chemotherapy |
Slows or delays growth Lacks specificity (can attack normal cells) |
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Nadir |
Too low PLT (< 74K) occur on the 8th day of chemo |
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Anti-metabolites |
Blocks DNA synthesis (S phase) |
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Examples of Anti-metabolites |
1. Flouracil 2. Methotrexate Toxicity: Vomiting Abdominal Cramping Nausea Stomatitis (mngt: Hydrogen peroxide) Antidote: Leucovorin (Wellcovin) 3. Mercaptoprine PO Maintenance for ALL 30 mins to 1 hour after giving milk or dairy products |
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Mitotic Inhibitors/ Vinca Alkaloids/ Plants Alkaloids |
Blocks mitosis (M phase) |
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Examples of Mitotic Inhibitors |
1. Vincristine (Oncovin) -bone marrow friendly -SE: neuropathy or nerve damage - paresthesia (numbness or tingling) 2. Vinblastine (Velban) |
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Most common SE of Chemo |
N and V |
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Diet of pt im Chemo |
Increase fluid intake (prone to DHN because of vomiting and diarrhea) Low fiber (due to diarrhea) High protein and high calorie |
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Pancreatic Cancer Surgery |
Whipple Procedure / Pancreaticodoudenectomy Removal of gallbladder, common bile duct, part of duodenum and head of pancreas |
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Cholecystectomy: Position and DOC |
Removal of gall bladder Low-fowler's position Morphine |
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T tube care |
1. Maintains patent bile duct 2. Report sudden increase of drainage 3. Clamp tube before meals 4. Unclamp if N/V develops |
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Colon Cancer |
Equally occuring in men and women (>50 y/o) think of "COLON" |
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Clinical Manifestation of Colorectal Cancer |
Most common: Changes in bowel habits 2nd common: Hematochezia Pencil-like stools |
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Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer |
DRE: Annually (>40 y/o) Occult Stool Exam: Annually (>50 y/o) Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) |
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Pre-op for Colorectal Cancer |
1. Bowel cleansing 2. Low residue 3-5 days before 3. Laxative and cleansing enema 4. Pre-op antibiotic: NEOMYCIN TABLET |
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Post-op Colorectal Cancer |
1. Flatus and fecal drainage: 4-7 days 2. Use KARAYA paste on skin barrier; TALC/CORNSTARCH 3. NEVER USE MINERAL OIL 4. Use statin powder for Candida Albicans |
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Skin Cancer leading cause |
Exposure to the sun |
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Basal Cell Carcinoma |
Most common type Rarely metastasize Good prognosis |
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
Can metastasize |
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Malignant Melanoma |
Deadliest 3rd most common type Arise from birthmarks or moles in any place |
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Most nutrients are absorbed |
Jejenostomy |
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Carcinogen: overcooked food |
Benzopyrene |
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Carcinogen: preservatives |
Nitrosamine |
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Carcinogen: Peanut/ Peanut butter |
Afflatoxin |
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Lung Cancer: Risk factor |
Radon - odorless, colorless chemical - usually found in soil (miners, etc.) |
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Lobectomy |
One lobe removal |
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Pneumonectomy and post-op |
Removal of entire lung Post-op GOAL: positive pressure in the affected side 1. CTT is contraindicated - to avoid tracheal deviation 2. Position on affected side! |
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Total laryngectomy: What is permanent? |
Tracheostomy |
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Peritonitis s/sx |
Fever Board like abd Dull on percussion |
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Bladder Cancer: Most obvious sign |
Painless hematuria |
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Bladder Cancer Surgery |
CYSTECTOMY - Removal of bladder PARA KANG MANOK! 1. Ileal conduit - ureters to ileum 2. Colon conduit - ureters to colon |
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Multiple Myeloma/ "KOHLER" DISEASE |
Cancer of the plasma (function: Production of IG) 60 y/o and above: Think of "KOHLER" |
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Manifestation of Kohler Disease |
1. Low RBC, WBC, PLT 2. Hyperuricemia 3. Hypercalcemia 4. Brittle Bone (pathological fractures) 5. U/A - presence of Bence Jones Protein |
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Hodgkin's Disease |
Cancer of the LN With REED STERN - BERG CELLS (Owl's Eye) Better prognosis Bimodal Age: 15-30 to 40 y/o and then more than 50 y/o EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS (Kissing Disease) |
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Non-hogkin's Disease |
Without RSB Poor prognosis Burkitt' s Lymphoma (common in India) HIV Age 60 y/o and above |
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Presenting Sign of Hodgkin's Disease |
Painless swelling of lympnodes |
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Early manifestation of Hodgkin's Disease |
B-symptoms 1. Persistent fever 2. Night sweats 3. Weight loss (10% of BMI) Note: A-symptoms if one of the 3 is missing |
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Cervical Cancer Risk factors |
HPV Multiple sex partners Early intercourse (16 y/o and below) |
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Breast Cancer Risk Factors |
Late menopause (55 y/o and above) Obesity Nulliparity Genetics Female, Forty, Fat diet Oral contraceptives Early menarche (11 y/o and below) |
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Breast Cancer Characteristics |
Often firm (made of cancer cells) Immovable; immobile Irregular margins No pain and tenderness Unilateral |
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Affected breast? |
Left Upper outer quadrant (near tail of spens) |
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Specific place where tumor grows |
Milk lobules |
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Mammography |
Low dose xray of the breast used to detect tumors before they can be felt Start at 40 y/o annually Baseline mammogram at 35-39 y/o |
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Mammogram: white? |
Tumor Black: Fats |
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Lumpectomy |
Lump only |
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Simple/ Total mastectomy |
Whole breast |
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Quadrantectomy |
Per quadrant only |
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Radical Mastectomy aka |
Halstead Procedure with skin graft |
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Halstead Procedure with skin graft |
Whole breast LN Pectoralis major and minor muscles |
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MRM |
Pectoralis minor is not removed Can be used as pocket for breast implants |
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Prostate Cancer Risk Factors |
This is SLOW GROWING STD Testosterone African American Forty (40 y/o) and Above Fat diet |
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Early Sign of Prostate Cancer |
Asymptomatic @ early stage |
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Presenting sign of Prostate Cancer |
Enlargement of prostate |
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Late sign of Prostate Cancer |
Low back pain (pelvic bone) |
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Diagnostic Test for Prostate Cancer |
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Or aka Total Specific Antigen - cancer marker - CHON produced by the prostate gland |
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Normal PSA |
0.2 to 4 nanogram/ ml Prostate Cancer - 8 above (suspected only) - sides (prostate) BPH - 5 to 7 - center (prostate) |
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Testicular Cancer Risk Factors |
Cryptorchidism Age: 15-35 y/o Trauma Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Orchitis Genetics |
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Testicular Cancer Surgical Mngt |
Orchiectomy |
