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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tumor Marker = AFP
Associated Cancer? |
hepatocellular carcinoma,
yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) of ovary or testis |
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Tumor Marker = Bence Jones protein
Associated Cancer? |
multiple myeloma,
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (represent light chains in urine) |
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Tumor Marker = CA 15-3
Associated Cancer? |
breast carcinoma
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Tumor Marker = CA 19-9
Associated Cancer? |
pancreatic, colorectal carcinomas
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Tumor Marker = CA 125
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surface-derived ovarian cancer (e.g. serous cystadenocarcinoma; helpful in distinguishing benign from malignant tumors)
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Tumor Marker = CEA
Associated Cancer? |
colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas (monitor for recurrences **not** good for screening)
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Tumor Marker = LDH
Associated Cancer? |
malignant lymphoma (prognostic factor for response to standard therapy)
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Tumor Marker = PSA
Associated Cancer? |
prostate carcinoma (**also increased in prostate hyperplasia)
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Cushing syndrome - ectopic hormone?
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
ACTH
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Cushing syndrome - associated cancer?
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
small cell carcinoma of lung, medullary carcinoma of thyroid
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gynecomastia - associated cancer
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
choriocarcinoma (testes)
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gynecomastia - ectopic hormone
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
hCG
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hypercalcemia - associated cancer
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
renal cell carcinoma, primary squamous cell carcinoma of lung, breast carcinoma
malignant lymphomas (contain 1alpha-hydroxylase) |
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hypercalcemia - ectopic hormone
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
PTH-related protein
calcitrol (vit D) |
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hypocalcemia - associated cancer
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
medullary carcinoma of thyroid
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hypocalcemia - ectopic hormone
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
calcitonin
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hypoglycemia - associated cancer
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
hepatocellular carcinoma
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hypoglycemia - ectopic hormone
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
insulin-like factor
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hyponatremia - ectopic hormone
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
ADH
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hyponatremia - associated cancer
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
small cell carcinoma
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secondary polycythemia - associated cancer
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
renal cell and hepatocellular
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secondary polycythemia - ectopic hormone
**paraneoplastic syndrome endocrinopathies |
erythropoietin
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acanthosis nigricans - associated cancer
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stomach carcinoma
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acanthosis nigricans - appearance
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black, verrucoid-appearing lesions
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Eaton-Lambert syndrome - associated cancer
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small cell carcinoma of lung
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hypertrophic osteoarthropathy - associated cancer
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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What is hypertrophic osteoarthropathy?
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periosteal reaction of distal phalanx (often associated with clubbing of nail)
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nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis - associated cancer
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mucus-secreting pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas
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What is nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis?
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sterile vegetations on mitral valve
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seborrheic keratosis - associated cancer
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stomach cancer
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Leser-Trelat sign
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sudden appearance of numerous pigmented seborrheic keratoses --> stomach carcinoma
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superficial migratory thrombophlebitis - associated cancer
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pancreatic carcinoma
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superficial migratory thrombophlebitis - cause?
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release of procoagulants (Trousseau's sign)
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nephrotic syndrome - associated cancer
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lung, breast, stomach carcinomas
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nephrotic syndrome - cause?
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diffuse membranous glomerulopathy
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HCV - oncogenic mechanism
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produces postnecrotic cirrhosis
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HCV - associated cancer
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hepatocellular carcinoma
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HVC - RNA or DNA?
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RNA
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HTLV-1 - RNA or DNA?
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RNA
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HTLV-1 - oncogenic mechanism
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activates TAX gene, stimulates polyclonal T-cell proliferation, inhibits TP53 suppressor gene
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HTLV-1 - associated cancer
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T-cell leukemia and lymphoma
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Oncogenic RNA viruses
(2) |
HCV, HTLV-1
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oncogenic DNA viruses
(4) |
EBV, HBV, HHV-8, HPV (16+18)
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EBV - oncogenic mechanism
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promotes polyclonal B-cell proliferation, which increases risk for t(8;14) translocation
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EBV - associated cancer
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Burkitt's lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS, mixed cellularity Hodgkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinomas
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HBV - oncogenic mechanism
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activates proto-oncogenes, inactivates TP53 suppressor gene
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HBV - associated cancer
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hepatocellular carcinoma
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HHV-8 - associated cancer
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Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-defining)
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HHV-8 - oncogenic mechanism
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acts via cytokines released from HIV and HSV
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HPV (16/18) - associated cancer
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squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, cervix, anus, larynx, oropharynx
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HPV-16 - oncogenic mechanism
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E6 gene product inhibits TP53 suppressor gene
(~50% of cancers) |
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HPV-18 - oncogenic mechanism
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E7 gene product inhibits RB suppressor gene
(~10% of cancers) |
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Aflatoxin (from Aspergillus) - associated cancer
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hepatocellular carcinoma in association with HBV
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Alcohol - associated cancer
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squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx and upper/middle esophagus; pancreatic and hepatocellular carcinomas
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Alklating agents - associated cancer
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malignant lymphoma
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Arsenic - associated cancer
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squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, liver angiosarcoma
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Asbestos - associated cancer
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bronchogenic carcinoma, pleural mesothelioma
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Benzene - associated cancer
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acute leukemia
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Beryllium - associated cancer
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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Chromium - associated cancer
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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Cyclophosphamide - associated cancer
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transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder
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Diethylstilbestrol - associated cancer
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clear cell carcinoma of vagina/cervix
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Beta-Naphthylamine (aniline dyes) - associated cancer
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transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder
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Nickel - associated cancer
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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Oral contraceptives - associated cancer
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breast, cervical carcinoma
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Polycyclic hydrocarbons - associated cancer
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squamous cell carcinoma: oral cavity, midesophagus, larynx, lung
adenocarcinoma: distal esophagus, pancreas, kidney transitional cell carcinoma: urinary bladder, renal pelvis |
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Polyvinyl chloride - associated cancer
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liver angiosarcoma
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Silica - associated cancer
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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APC - function
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prevents nuclear transcription (degrades catenin, an activator of nuclear transcription)
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APC - associated cancers
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familial polyposis (colorectal carcinoma)
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BRCA1/BRCA2 - function
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regulates DNA repair
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BRCA1/BRCA2 - associated cancers
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breast, ovary, prostate carcinoma
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RB - function
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inhibits G1 to S phase
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RB - associated cancers
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retinoblastoma, osteogenic sarcoma, breast carcinomas
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TGF-Beta - function
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inhibits G1 to S phase
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TGF-Beta - associated cancers
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pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas
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TP53 - function
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inhibits G1 to S phase
repairs DNA, activates BAX genes (initiates apoptosis) |
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TP53 - associated cancers
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lung, colon, breast carcinomas
Li-Fraumeni syndrome: breast carcinoma, brain tumors, leukemia, sarcomas |
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VHL - function
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regulates nuclear transcription
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VHL - associated cancers
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Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome: cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angioma, renal cell carcinoma (bilateral), pheochromocytoma (bilateral)
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WT1 - function
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regulates nuclear transcription
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WT1 - associated cancers
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Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma - kids)
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ABL - function
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nonreceptor tyrosine kinase activity
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ABL - mutation
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translocation t(9;22)
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ABL - associated cancer
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chronic myelogenous leukemia (chromosome 22 is Philidelphia chromosome)
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HER (ERBB2) - function
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receptor synthesis
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HER (ERBB2) - mutation
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amplification
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HER (ERBB2) - associated cancer
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breast carcinoma (marker of aggressiveness)
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MYC - function
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nuclear transcription
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MYC - mutation
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translocation t(8;14)
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MYC - associated cancer
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Burkitt's lymphoma
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N-MYC - function
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nuclear transcription
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N-MYC - mutation
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amplification
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N-MYC - associated cancer
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neuroblastoma
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RAS - function
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guanosine triphosphate signal transduction
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RAS - mutation
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point mutation
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RAS - cancer
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leukemia; lung, colon, pancreatic carcinomas
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RET - function
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receptor synthesis
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RET - mutation
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point mutation
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RET - associated cancers
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multiple endocrine neoplasia IIa/IIb syndromes
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SIS - function
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growth factor synthesis
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SIS - mutation
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overexpression
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SIS - associated cancer
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osteogenic sarcoma, astrocytoma
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Actinic (solar) keratosis - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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Atypical hyperplasia of ductal epithelium of breast - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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adenocarcinoma
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Chronic irritation at sinus orifice, third-degree burn scars - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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squamous cell carcinomas
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Chronic ulcerative colitis - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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adenocarcinoma
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Complete hydatidiform mole - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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choriocarcinoma
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Dysplastic nevus - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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malignant melanoma
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Endometrial hyperplasia - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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adenocarcinoma
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Glandular metaplasia of esophagus (Barrett's esophagus) - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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adenocarcinoma
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Glandular metaplasia of stomach (H. pylori) - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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adenocarcinoma
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Myelodysplastic syndrome - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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acute leukemia
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Regenerative nodules in cirrhosis - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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adenocarcinoma
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Scar tissue in lung - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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adenocarcinoma
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Squamous dysplasia of oropharynx, larynx, bronchus, cervix - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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Tubular adenoma of colon - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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adenocarcinoma
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vaginal adenosis (diethylstilbestrol exposure) - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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adenocarcinoma
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Villous adenoma of rectum - precursor lesion for which cancer?
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adenocarcinoma
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____ derive from ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.
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teratomas
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____ derive from squamous, glandular, transitional epithelium.
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carcinomas
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____ derive from connective tissue.
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sarcomas
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def. hamartoma
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non-neoplastic overgrowth of tissue
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def. choristoma
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normal tissue where it should not be
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tumor parenchyma = ____ component
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neoplastic
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What is grading of cancers?
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Determining if the cancer resembles its parent tissue or not.
less resemblance = higher grade |
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Malignant tumors have ____ nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and ____ mitotic spindle fibers.
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increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and abnormal mitotic spindle fibers
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Malignant tumors require ____ doubling times before they are detectable.
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30 doubling times
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Benign and malignant tumors are (monoclonal/polyclonal).
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monoclonal
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Malignant tumors have (upregulated/downregulated) telomerase activity.
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upregulated
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Basal cell carcinomas of the skin invade, but they do not ____.
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metastasize
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What is the second most important criterion for malignancy?
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invasion
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Name two tissues that resist invasion.
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cartilage, elastic tissue
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Loss of ____ ____ leads to cell invasion.
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intercellular adherence
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____ metastasis has greater prognostic significance than ____ metastasis.
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extranodal > nodal
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____ ____ are the first line of defense in carcinomas.
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lymph nodes
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Name three routes of metastasis.
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1. lymphatic
2. hematogenous 3. seeding of body cavities |
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Seeding is common in surface-derived ____ cancers.
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surface-derived ovarian cancers
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Tx. for bone mets?
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radiation
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MC tissue metastasized to?
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lymph nodes
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What is the 2nd most common cause of death in the US?
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cancer
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Lifetime risk for cancer: men (><) women
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men > women
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MCC cancer in children
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acute lymphoblastic leukemia
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Cancer incidence in men, top 3.
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1. prostate
2. lung 3. colon |
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Cancer incidence in women, top 3.
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1. breast
2. lung 3. colon |
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Gynecological cancer incidence, top 3.
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1. endometrium
2. ovary 3. cervical |
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MCC cancer death in adults?
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lung cancer
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Most rapidly increasing cancer?
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malignant melanoma
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Actinic (solar) keratosis -- precursor of ____ ____ carcinoma.
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squamous cell carcinoma
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What is the most important factor in decreasing risk for cancer?
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smoking cessation
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HBV immunization decreases risk for ____ carcinoma.
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hepatocellular carcinoma
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HPV immunization decreases risk for ____ cancer.
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cervical
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Is PSA more sensitive or more specific?
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more sensitive
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MC type of mutation in cancer.
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point mutation
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BCL2 gene family -- ____ genes
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antiapoptosis genes
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BAX gene = ____ gene
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apoptosis
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MC cancer due to ionizing radiation
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leukemia
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MC cancer due to excessive UV light exposure
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basal cell carcinoma
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Calcitonin is a hormone tumor marker for what cancer?
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medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
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MCC death in cancer
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gram-negative sepsis
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MC paraneoplastic syndrome
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hypercalcemia
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