Omsi.block1.biochemistry.carbohydrates

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Monosaccharides

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- the simplest carbohydrates.

- consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids
- examples include glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose, and ribose.
- they are the building blocks of disaccharides like sucrose (common sugar) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch).
- each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (except for the first and last) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but they have different chemical and physical properties

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Monosaccharide Nomenclature

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1. suffix is "-ose"

2. Monosaccharides are then classified according to:
a. whether they have an aldehyde (aldose) or ketone (ketose)
b. number of carbons (3 -tri, 4-tetr, 5-pent, 6-hex, 7-hept, 8-oct)

THUS: (keto-/aldo-) + (# of carbons) + -ose

- D/L designation refers to the HIGHEST NUMBERED CHIRAL Carbon atom (C3 for tetroses, C4 for pentoses, C5 for hexoses)

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glucose

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one of the monosaccharides!
- an aldose (aldehyde)
- a hexose (6 sugars)

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fructose

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one of the monosaccharides
- a ketose (ketone)
- a hexose (6 carbons)

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lactose

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one of the disaccharides!
glucose + galactose = lactose
- specifically: β-D-galactose and β-D-glucose molecules bonded through a β1-4 glycosidic linkage

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maltose

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one of the disaccharides!
gluose + glucose = maltose
specifically: two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) linkage

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sucrose

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one of the disaccharides!
glucose + fructose = sucrose
- specifically: α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranose

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galactose

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one of the monosaccharides!