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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Superior facets of the atlas face _
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Backward, upward, medially
-concave |
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Occipital condyles match_
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facets of atlas
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Occipital condylar compression
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-Important for newborns
-Affecting CN IX, X, XI -Can be cause of poor suck, swallowing difficulties, emesis, hickups, congenital torticollis, and pyloric stenosis |
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OA joint motion is limited by _
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Muscular and ligamentous attachments
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Primary motion of OA joint
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Flexion/Extension
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How does occiput move with OA joint
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Flexion - posterior translatory slide
Extension - anterior translatory slide |
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Lateral atlanto occipital ligament
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Ligament of OA joint
-SB and rotation always in opposite directions |
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If occiput rotates on left axis, it slides _, SB _
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Slides left
SB right |
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Atlanto axial joint motion is almost 100 % _
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Rotation
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Is there flexion in AA joint
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No
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Describe AA joints facets
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-There are 4 facets
-All are convex -"wobble" in flexion-extension -no true lateral flexion (SB) |
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In AA joint somatic dysfunction occurs in _
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Rotation
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In AA joint movement is limited by _
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-Except in rotation it is limited by dens and transverse ligament of atlas
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Describe rotation of AA joint to right
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-Left facet of AA joint slides up
-Right facet of AA joint slides down |
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Common place for somatic dysfunction in cervical region
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C2-C3 - sustains tremendous stress - between final compensator and rest of the spine
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Describe suboccipital articulation
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AA joint + OA joint
Final compensator of the spine - keeps eyes level, promotes binocular vision |
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Describe IV discs of C3-C7
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-Thickest of spinal discs
-Disk height: vertebral body ration - 2:5 -Wedge shaped - thicker anteriorly, maintains flexible cervical lordosis |
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Rotation and SB in C3-C7 are _
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in same direction
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C3-C7 facets form_
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palpable articular pillars
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Superior facets in C3-C7 face _
inferior face _ |
Superior - backward - upward
Inferior - forward - downward |
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C3-C7 move least in
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Flexion/extension
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Flexion C3-C7
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-Inferior facet must slide up 45 degrees
-Rotation is primary motion when flexed |
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Extension C3-C7
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-Normal lordotic curve
-SB is primary motion when extended |
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There is no neutral position in C3-C7 - T/F
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True
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Describe joints of Luschka
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-Unciform joints
-Maintain stability while allowing motion -Synovial joints -Adaptation for upright posture -Lateral edges of cervical vertebral bodies -Develop at age 8-10 -Guide rails for flexion/extension -Limit lateral translatory motion |
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Describe lateral translatory motion
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-Limited by unciform joints
-Occurs with coupled motions of rotation and SB -Would be excessive to the point of sublaxation if not for joints of Luschka -Dysfunction of translatory motion causes complicated somatic dysfunction called "side slip" |
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Describe cervicothoracic junction
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C7-T1 - transitional segment
-Cervical traits in upper portion, thoracic traits in lower portions |
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Describe articular pillars
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"Lateral masses"
-Area between cervical facet joints |
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Anterior TP is the one that is _
Posterior _ |
less prominent
more prominent |
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Major motion of occiput
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Flexion/extension
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In occiput rotation and SB are to _
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Opposite sides
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Motion in C2-C7
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Type II mechanics
Rotation and SB to same side |
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Osteopathy in Cranial Field
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A form of osteopathic diagnosis and manipulative treatment of cranium, sacrum and related structures
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Who discovered cranial osteopathy and named it primary respiratory mechanism
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William Sutherland
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D.O who used cranial OMM for treatment of cerebral palsy
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Beryl Arbuckle
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Contemporary D.O who has Osteopathic Children center in California and uses cranial therapy in treatment
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Viola Frymann
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Skull and facial bones are fused - T/F
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False, they are NOT fused
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Types of sutures
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1. Serrate - sawtooth
2. Squamous- overlapping 3. Harmonic - edge-edge 4. Squamoserrate - combination |
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Examples of serrate sutures
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Saggital
Lambdoidal |
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Example of squamous suture
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Squamoparietal
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Example of harmonic suture
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Nasomaxillary
Intermaxillary |
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Example of squamoserrate suture
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Sphenosquamous
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Functions of CSF
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-Protection - floats CNS, provides mechanical buffer system
-Regulation of extracellular environment of neurons -Spreads neuroactive hormones and substances through nervous system |
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Describe sinus drainage techniques
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-Frontal sinuses
-Supraorbital notches -Maxillary sinuses -Infraorbital notches -Lateral nasal bones/cartilage |
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Muscles of mastication
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-Temporalis
-Masseter -Medial pterygoid -Lateral pterygoid |
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Sphenobasilar synchondrosis is located between _
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Occiput and sphenoid bone
-Fuses with age |
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Nasion
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Junction of nasal and frontal bones
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Pterion
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Sphenoid, parietal, temporal and frontal bones come together
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Pivot points
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Points where bevels change
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Bevels
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Where you change orientation of suture interiorly and exteriorly
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Reciprocal tension membrane
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Dura - falx cerebri, falx cerebelli - thick and non elastic, when you pull one part of it, it affects everything that is connected to it - cranial bones for example or cranial nerves
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Muscles of mastication are innervatedby _
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Motor part of trigeminal nerve
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How do you get dysfunction of TMJ
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Articular disc gets caught up in condyle, and you can have pain and deviation
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Alternative systems
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"Osteopathy"
Naturopathic Chiropractic Homeopathy Oriental Medicine Ayurveda |
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Energy medicine
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OMT
Acupuncture Meridian regulation Qi Gong Reiki Chakra |
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Movement therapies
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Alexander technique - works with posture
Pilates - dancers Yoga Tai Chi Watsu - water therapy, person floats in water while you unwind their fascial tissues Dance therapy |
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Chelation therapy
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Pulling heavy metals out of system - these heavy metals can affect whole system - arterial plaques. Chelation is medically indicated if you have heavy metal toxicity - you can do blood and urine tests for this
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Founder of chiropractic medicine
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DD Palmer
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3 main types of chiropractic care
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-Straight - focus on spinal subluxation
-Mixers - delve into other treatments like nutrition or other types of physiotherapy -Network chiropractic - network spinal analysis - coming unwound |
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How many naturopathic schools are there
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4
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Founder of naturopathic schools
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Benedict Lust - emphasizes natural healing - nutrition, prevention, herbalism, manipulation, homeopathy
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3 principles of naturopathic medicine
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-Body is self healing
-Symptoms are sign that body is striving to eliminate toxins and return to homeostasis -Holistic approach of mind body spirit |
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What is homeopathy
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Sugar pills that contain small amounts of homeopathic substances
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Law of similars
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Prescribing minute doses of substance causes similar symptoms of illness
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Law of cure
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Remedies work from
-top to bottom -inside to outside -from major organs to minor organs -symptoms clear in reverse order of appearance |
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How is homeopathy different from allopathy
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In homeopathy less concentrated a substance is, the greater effect it has on body, in allopathy increased dose has increased effect
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5 elements of Ayurveda
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Ether
Air Fire Water Earth |
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Three principles tri dosha
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Kapha
Pitta Vata |
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Active range of motion tests _ while passive range of motion tests _
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Active - tests muscular limitations of motion
Passive - tests ligamentous limitations of ranges of motion |
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Inversion and eversion of ankle occur at which joint
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Subtalar
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If you have inversion sprain, which ligament is damaged most often
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Anterior talofibular ligament
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Unhappy triad
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Medial collateral ligament
ACL Medial meniscus |
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Flexion of the knee
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135 degrees
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Extension of knee
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0 degrees
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Medial and lateral rotation of knee
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Passive 10 degrees in 90 degrees flexion
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When your foot is on the ground last 30 degrees of extension is accompanied by _
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Medial femoral rotation
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When your foot is off ground extension is accompanied by _
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Lateral tibial rotation
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Varus/valgus tests for knee check for _
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Stablity of medial and lateral collateral ligaments
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Drawer tests check _
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ACL/PCL tear
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Lachman test
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Same as drawer test bu in 25 degrees of flexion to take out quadriceps out of equation
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Positive recurvatum test means _
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Arcuate ligament, popliteus and fibular collateral ligament damage
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Positive McMurray test means _
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Meniscus tear
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Patellar grind test means_
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-Chondromalacia of patella
-Palpable crepitation is positive |
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Positive Apley compression test means _
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Meniscal tear
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Positive Apley distraction test means _
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Ligamentous strain
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Plantar flexion of ankle ROM _
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50
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Dorsi flexion of ankle ROM
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20 degrees
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Anterior drawer test of ankle tests _
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Integrity of anterior talofibular ligament
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Varus test of ankle tests _
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Lateral (talofibular) ligament
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Valgus test of ankle tests_
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Deltoid ligament
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Flexion of neck ROM
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60
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Extension of neck ROM
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75
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Lateral flexion of neck ROM
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45
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Rotation of neck ROM
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80 degrees
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Main motion of occiput
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Flexion - extension
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Rotation and SB of occiput is to _
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opposite sides
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C2 C7 have what kind of motion
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type II mechanics - SB and rotation to the same side
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Right posterior occiput
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-Translates better to the right
-Rotated right and SB left -Right OA joint will not move anterior in extension -Right OA has palpable tissue texture changes |
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Left anterior occiput
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-Occiput is SB to left and rotated to right
-Left OA joint will not move posterior in flexion -Left OA joint has palpable tissue texture changes |
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Occiput that is SB left and rotated right can be named _ or _
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Posterior right or anterior left
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Occiput that is SB right and rotated left can be named _ or _
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Posterior left or anterior right
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Describe C3 F SB and R to L
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-Translation is free to right
-Translation right is equivalent to SB left -Rotation is free to left -TP is prominent of left -Rotation and SB is free in flexion more then extension |
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Suboccipital-Thoracic connection
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Suboccipital symptoms almost always connected to upper thoracic and rib dysfunctions. First treat upper thoracic region and retest - suboccipital symptoms should reduce
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Cervical thoracic connection
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Chronic cervical dysfunction is usually associated with sacral dysfunction
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Benign cervical vertigo
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Cervical spasms cause temporal bone assymetry which causes vestibular vertigo
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Sequence of treatment of whiplash injury
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Thoracics - suboccipital - neck
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What innervates thumb
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C6 (can get cervical root compression and loose feeling in that finger)
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Osteophytes best seen on
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oblique cervical Xrays
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