Omm

Front 1

functional units of the cervical spine

Back 1

1. occiput, atlas, axis
2. cervicals C3 to C7

Front 2

occipital condylar compression.

Back 2

The “most important” or most clinically significant somatic dysfunction which should be addressed in all newborns

Affecting cranial nerves 9, 10, & 11; it can be the cause of poor suck, swallowing difficulties, emesis, hiccups, congenital torticollis, and perhaps pyloric stenosis.

Front 3

Occipital-atlantal Joint

Back 3

flexion/extension

Front 4

Complimentary Motions of Occiput

Back 4

flexion - posterior translatory slide
extension - anterior translatory slide

Front 5

more on movement of Occipitoatlantal Joint

Back 5

sidebending and rotation “always” in opposite directions

Front 6

Atlanto-axial joint

Back 6

Rotation - “nearly pure”
no true flexion

"no-no movement"

Front 7

Somatic dysfunction occurs in rotation

Back 7

Atlanto-axial joint

Front 8

Fryette’s Laws of motion are based upon the physical features of the thoracic and lumbar vertebra

Back 8

Often described as Type one mechanics because sidebending and rotation are most often to the opposite sides

Front 9

A-A joint
Rotation to the right

Back 9

left facet of atlas slides uphill
right facet of atlas slides downhill

Front 10

spine of C1

Back 10

NO!! posterior tubercle

Front 11

Final compensator of the spine

Back 11

occipitoatlantal & atlantoaxial joints

Universal (swivel) Joint - functionally

Front 12

C2C3

Back 12

sustains tremendous stress - between final compensator and rest of spine

common location for Chronic Somatic Dysfunction

Front 13

C3 - C7

Back 13

thickest of intervert. disks
disk : vertebral body ration 2:5
rotation and side bending same direction
move least in flex/extend

no neutral position

Front 14

articular pillars

Back 14

C3-C7 facet joints

Front 15

Joints of Luschka(Unciform Joints)

Back 15

maintain stability while allowing motion
specialized set of synovial joints
adaptation for upright posture
lateral edges of cervical vertebral bodies
develop at age 8-10 yrs

Front 16

neutral position of C-spine

Back 16

Lordosis of c-spine is normal –considered neutral and in extension

Front 17

motion of c-spine recall that ...

Back 17

roatation and side-bending are to the same side

Front 18

flexion of C-spine

Back 18

inferior facet must slide up 45 degree angle
rotation is primary motion

Front 19

extension

Back 19

normal lordotic curve
side bending is primary motion

Front 20

no true neutral position in what levels ?

Back 20

C3-C7

Front 21

"side rails"

Back 21

Joints of Luscha
limit lateral translatory motion (side slip)

Front 22

Proprioceptors

Back 22

receive position sense
means "sense of self"

sends information to CNS about muscle stretching

Front 23

what controls body movement ?

Back 23

proprioceptors

Front 24

types of mechano-receptors

Back 24

Pacinian corpuscles perceive vibration and Meissner’s corpuscles perceive superficial touch

Front 25

main proprioceptors

Back 25

Muscle spindles- muscle acceleration and length
Golgi tendon organ- muscle tension
Joint receptors- joint angle

Front 26

muscle spindles contain infrafusal muscle fibers ( two types: )

Back 26

Nuclear chain fibers- nuclei lengthwise; responsible for the static component of the stretch reflex; lasts as long as the muscle is being stretched

Nuclear bag fibers- nuclei in the center; responsible for the dynamic component; lasts for only a moment in response to the initial sudden increase in muscle length

Front 27

Nuclear chain fibers-

Back 27

nuclei lengthwise; responsible for the static component of the stretch reflex; lasts as long as the muscle is being stretched

Front 28

nuclear bag fibers-

Back 28

nuclei in the center; responsible for the dynamic component; lasts for only a moment in response to the initial sudden increase in muscle length

Front 29

muscle spindles, innervated by :
(intrafusal)

Back 29

gamma motor neurons

Front 30

alternatively, muscle contraction performed by extrafusal fibers

Back 30

alpha motor neurons

Front 31

Gamma Efferent Nerve

Back 31

Keeps muscle spindle sensitive to any stretch

Front 32

Type Ia afferent
‏

Back 32

(Dynamic)
(GVA:
acceleration)

Front 33

Type II afferent
‏

Back 33

(Static)
(GVA: length)

Front 34

Stretch reflex

Back 34

AKA myotactic reflex
Controls muscle length by causing muscle contraction
Muscle spindle stretched

Stimulates the alpha motor neuron (anterior horn motor neuron) (monosynaptically)

Reflex contraction of a muscle when an attached tendon is pulled

Front 35

example of stretch reflex

Back 35

Head starts to tip forward as you fall asleep
muscles contract to raise the head
Patellar reflex

Front 36

Patellar Myotactic Reflex Arc

Back 36

Mechanism

Striking the patellar tendon with a tendon hammer just below the patella stretches the quadriceps tendon. This stimulates stretch sensory receptors (most importantly, muscle spindles) that triggers an afferent impulse in a sensory nerve fiber of the femoral nerve leading to the lumbar region of the spinal cord. There, the sensory neuron synapses directly with a motor neuron that conducts an efferent impulse to the quadriceps femoris muscle, triggering contraction. This contraction, coordinated with the relaxation of the antagonistic flexor hamstring muscle causes the leg to kick. This reflex helps maintain posture and balance, allowing one to walk without consciously thinking about each step.

The patellar reflex is a clinical and classic example of the monosynaptic reflex arc. There is no interneuron in the pathway leading to flexion of the quadriceps muscle. Instead the bipolar sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron in the spinal cord.[1] However, there is an inhibitory interneuron used to relax the antagonistic hamstring muscle.

[edit] Purpose of Testing

Testing the patellar tendon reflex tests the function of the femoral nerve and spinal cord segments L2-L4.

The absence or decrease of this reflex is known as Westphal's sign.

Front 37

golgi tendon organ

Back 37

located in tendons , and controls muscle contractions

Front 38

golgi tendon organ prevents ?

Back 38

muscle contraction

Front 39

What happens when you stretch your muscles and hold?

Back 39

The muscle spindle gets accustomed to the new length (habituates) and signals less

stretch receptors can be trained to allow greater lengthening of the muscles
Allows the stretched muscle to relax (lengthening reaction)
easier to stretch, or lengthen, a muscle when it is not contracting

Front 40

secretion of synovial fluid can be modulated ???

Back 40

Joint receptors appear to trigger visceral efferents that modulate:

Front 41

maintainance of balance

Back 41

crossed extensor reflex

Front 42

restrictive barrier

Back 42

before the physiological limit -- so , decreased motion

Front 43

Passive motion benefits

Back 43

Lysing of excess connective tissue
Increase synovial fluid formaiton
Stimulate glycosaminoglycan formation
Stimulates mechano-receptors
Release of enkephalins & spinal pain gaiting

Front 44

reset muscle spindles

Back 44

exploits the lengthening reflex
using HVLA

Front 45

muscle energy

Back 45

Manipulator exerts an equal and opposite force to an active force exerted by the patient
(Newton's third law )

Repeated isometric contractions with passive range of motion through the restrictive barrier

Front 46

example of an isometric contraction ?

Back 46

An example of an isometric would be holding or carrying something heavy