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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The therapeutic administration of chemical substances to achieve beneficial response is termed what?
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Medical Pharmacology
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What is the term for the branch of pharmacology that deals with undesirable effects of chemicals?
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Toxicology
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For drugs to interact chemically with the receptor and be effective they need what four things/properties?
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- appropriate size
- appropriate electrical charge - appropriate shape - appropriate atomic composition |
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What determines diffusion between compartments?
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Molecular weight (MW)
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Most drugs have a molecular weight between __ & __.
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100 and 1000
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What occurs with drugs that have molecular weights more than 1000?
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They will not diffuse easily.
Large drugs must be administered directly into the compartment where they have their effect. |
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List the bonds from strongest to weakest.
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Covalent
Ionic Hydrogen Hydrophobic Van der Waals |
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Describe covalent bonds
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- Formed by electron sharing
- Strong - Usually not reversible |
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Describe Electrostatic (ionic) bonds.
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- More common but weaker than covalent
- Reaction reversed by changes in pH. - Acidic or basic drugs that are ionized at plasma pH easily combine with charged groups on receptors. |
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Describe Hydrogen bonds.
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- Form polar covalent bonds to more electronegative atoms, such as oxygen
- Unique properties of water largely d/t strong H-bonding - Donor & Acceptor |
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The molecule providing a polar hydrogen for a hydrogen bond is called a ________.
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Donor
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The molecule providing electron rich site that attracts the hydrogen is call what?
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an Acceptor
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Describe hydrophobic bonding.
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- Usually weak
- Probably important in interaction of highly lipid-soluble drug with lipids of cell membranes and internal wall of receptor - Formed between hydroxl or amino group and negative carboxyl group |
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Describe Van der Waal forces.
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- Chemical bond
- Weak, b/w atoms of different molecules |
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True or False:
Drugs that form strong bonds are usually more selective than those that form weak bonds. |
False - drugs that form weak bonds are more selective than those with strong bonds.
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True or False:
Weak bonds require a precise fit to the receptor. |
True
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True or False:
Highly selective-short acting drugs form weak bonds compared to less selective-long acting covalent bonds. |
True
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What is Chirality?
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Sterioisomerism
- molecules are 3D - Carbon atom bonded to 4 different groups of atoms is called the stereogenic center - Chiral molecules rotate around that center - A chiral molecue is one that can not be superimposed onto its mirror image. - Molecules that have the same structural formula but their atoms are arranged in a different order. |
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A molecule that can not be superimposed onto its mirror image is termed what?
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A Chiral Molecule
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Provide an example of something that possess Chirality.
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Your hands, your hands have the same fingers and thumbs but they are arranged opposite from the other.
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With Chirality, groups are oriented around a carbon atom in who different ways, what are these two ways?
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R (Dextro-) - rotated in clockwise direction
S (Levo-) - rotated counterclockwise |
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Why is the concept of Chirality important?
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It is important in the synthesis of drugs. Manipulation of rotation or formation of levo- or dextro- isomers allow new drugs to cause desired effect with fewer side effects.
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What is entantiomerism?
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Chirality is the basis for entantiomerism.
Enantiomers are substances that are mirror images of each other but cannot be superimposed. Racemic mixtures have two enantiomers in equal proportions. |
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What is a racemic mixture?
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Racemic mixtures have two enantiomers in equal proportions. One enantiomer in racemic mixture causes the effect and the other may cause side effects.
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