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37 Cards in this Set
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Early Life
-Born in 1599 in Huntingdon, England. -Born into the middle gentry. -In 1620 he married Elizabeth Bourchier. -English military and political leader. |
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Robert Cromwell
-Oliver Cromwell's father -A member of Queen Elizabeth's parliament. -Died when Oliver was 18 years old |
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Conversion
-Educated into the Calvinist religion by his parents from a young age. -Believes in the influence of God in every man's actions. -He went from being a Calvinist to being and independent Puritan before his 30s. |
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Religious Thoughts
-Cromwell distrusts the hierarchy of the Church of England. -He advocated abolishing the institution of the episcopate. -It was his religion that first brought him into opposition to the King's government. |
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First steps into Politics -He was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 -He was elected Member of Parliament for Cambridge in the Short (1640) and Long (1640-1649) Parliaments. -Member of the Rump Parliament (1649-1653) |
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Political Aims
-He wanted to fight against the corruption in the king's court. -Wished for a tax system submitted to the Parliament. -A more vigorous defence of national interest in foreign policy. |
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The Grand Remonstrance
-It was a list of grievances presented to King Charles I of England by the English Parliament in 1642. -It was one of the chief events which were to precipitate the English Civil War. -Charles I did not accept the Remonstrance. |
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Causes of E.C.W. -Parliament objected to Charles' rising taxes as he did not consult them beforehand. -They were also concerned because Charles I was close to Catholicism. -The queen was also Catholic |
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Beginning of E.C.W. -Oliver Cromwell raised an army in his own country and after a series of victories over the King's forces was promoted to a Lieutenant General. -At the beginning he had very little military experience. |
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New Model Army
-Set up by Oliver Cromwell. -Its members were professional officers, prohibited from having seats in either the House of Lords or the House of Commons. -It was liable for service in all of the Country. |
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Cromwell's Military Skills
-Cromwell had no formal training in military tactics. -His strengths were his ability to lead and his moral authority -He introduced close-order cavalry formations and these were key factors in his success. |
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English Civil War
-The English Civil War burst out in 1642. -1st stage (1642-1646) & 2nd stage (1648-1649)--> supporters of Charles I fight against the Long Parliament of Oliver Cromwell. -3rd stage--> fighting between supporters of Charles II and those of Rump Parliament. |
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1st stage battles
-Battle of Edgehill-1642 (Draw) -Battle of Marston Moor-1644 -Battle of Naseby-1645 (Roundheads win) -Charles I surrenders-1646 |
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Levellers & Diggers
-During the 1st stage of the E.C.W, in the ranks of the revolutionary army, emerged currents of social radicalism that asked for the universal suffrage and common property of land. -The Levellers & Diggers. -Oliver Cromwell was opposed to both. |
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2nd stage
-In 1646 Charles I escaped a trial by fleeing to Scotland . -In 1647 Charles I and the Scots had an agreement called the "Engagement" which stated that the Scots would invade England and Charles I would be restored. |
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-Therefore O.C. had the opportunity to lead personally the negotiations with Charles I who tried to exploit the oppositions of Parliamentarians to Cromwell. |
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-The English Civil War was fought between King Charles' Cavaliers and Cromwell's Roundheads.
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Cavaliers
-Supporters of Charles I -Known also as Royalists -A Cavalier was generally depicted as "a child of honour, a gentleman well born and bred, that loves the King for conscience's sake, of a clearer countenance, and bolder look than other men, because of a more loyal heart." -Long hair, rode horses, big hats with feathers. |
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Roundheads
-Supporters of Parliament. -Known also as Parliamentarians. -The Roundhead commander-in-chief of the 1st Civil War, Lord Fairfax, remained a supporter of constitutional monarchy, as did many other roundhead leaders. However, this party was out manoeuvred by the more politically adapt Cromwell and his radicals. |
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1647- The majority of Parliamentarians were in favour of a settlement with the King, in return for a presbyterian settlement.
-The failure to conclude an agreement with the king lead to the 2nd Civil War in 1648. |
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1648- Scottish force invades England. Parliamentary army routed it at the battle of Preston.
1649- Charles I executed 1650- Oliver Cromwell and New Model Army invade Scotland 1650- Battle of Dunbar (Scottish defeated) |
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1651- Oliver Cromwell wins at Worchester against Scots.
-Charles I's son crowned king of the Scots at Scone on January 1st, after this defeat fled to France. -Oliver Cromwell gains control over England. |
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Commonwealth
-Loan word coming from Latin "res publica". -Period from 1649 onwards when England was ruled as a republic following the end of the 2nd English Civil War and the trial of Charles I. -Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and a Council of State. |
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Commonwealth (2)
-After the execution of the King a republic was declared, the Commonwealth of England. -The Royalists had regrouped in Ireland and signed a treaty with the Irish. -Cromwell was chosen to command a campaign against them |
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The Council of State
-Appointed in 1649 by Parliament. -The Council's duties were to act as the executive of the Country's government in place of the King and the Privy Council. -It was to direct domestic and foreign policy and to ensure the security of the English Commonwealth . |
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The Council of State (2)
-It was dominated by the army -Was not dissolved until 28th May, 1660, when Charles II personally assumed the government in London |
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Irish Conflicts (1)
-Since the Irish rebellion of 1641 most of Ireland have been under the control of the Irish Catholic Confederation. -Cromwell landed in Ireland with his New Model Army on behalf of England's Rump Parliament in 1649 |
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Irish Conflicts (2)
-By May 1652 Cromwell's Parliamentarian army had defeated the confederate and the royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country binging to an end the 11 years War. -However, guerrilla warfare continued for a further year. |
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Irish Conflicts (3)
-Oliver Cromwell passed a series of penal laws against Roman Catholics and confiscated large amounts of their land. -It was so completed the British Colonization of Ireland. Destroyed the native Irish Catholic land-owning classes and replaced them with colonists with a British identity. |
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Cromwell's effect on Ireland
-The Irish Campaign was brutal. -Cromwell was accused of killing many civilians. -The massacres and deportation of civilians carried out by Oliver Cromwell and his generals are still remembered in Ireland. -Cromwell's name is still associated with massacre and religious persecution. |
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Scottish Campaign (1)
1650-1651 -Cromwell left Ireland in 1650 and invaded Scotland which had proclaimed Charles II as king. -Cromwell was not hostile to the Scottish Presbyterians and made an appeal to them. -Since this appeal was rejected he invaded Scotland |
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Scottish Campaign (2)
-Battle of Dunbar (1650), Cromwell captured Edinburgh -In 1651 Charles II and his Scottish allies tried to invade England and capture London. -At the battle of Worchester Oliver Cromwell destroyed the Scottish army. -Charles II fled to exile in France, where he would remain until 1660 |
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Scottish Campaign (3) |
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Cromwell's Return -He tried to set dates for new elections, uniting the 3 kingdoms. -The Rump Parliament was not able to do this so Cromwell dissolved it by force in 1653 -The Rump Parliament was replaced for a short time by Barebone's Parliament. |
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The Protectorate
1653-1658 -After the dissolution of the Parliament, Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector for life (1653) -He had two key objectives: 1- healing and settling the nation after the Civil War, establishing a stable government form and reducing taxes. 2- A moral and spiritual reform -In 1657 Cromwell was offered the crown by Parliament but he refused it. |
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Death
-Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 at the age of 59 -He was buried in Westminster Abbey -He was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard, who was forced to resign in 1659, ending the protectorate. |
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-In 1660 Charles II returned from exile and became the king.
-In 1661 Cromwell's body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey and executed. -His body was hanged and thrown into a pit. -His severed head was displayed until 1685. |
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