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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"graying of america"
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population of people age 65 and older is projected to triple from 39 million in 2009 to 89 million. Young people will no longer outnumber older adults
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ageism
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term used to describe negative attitudes toward aging or older adults. it is discrimination
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Categorize:
young-old old old-old |
young old: 60-74
old: 75 to 84 old old: 85 to 100 |
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psychosocial changes
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retirement, social isolation, sexuality, housing & environment, death
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gerontology
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term used to define the study of aging and older adults
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geriatrics
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associated with the medical care of older adults
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cataracts
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lens opacity that reduces visual acuity and causes glare
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presbyopia
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inability to focus or accommadate due to a loss of flexibility of the lens, decreased near vision
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presbycusis
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loss of hearing related to aging
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dyspnea
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difficult breathing
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disengagement theory
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propose that aging involves mutual withdrawal between the older person and others in the older person's environment
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activity theory
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best way to age is to stay active physically and mentally
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continuity theory
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proposes that people maintain their values, habits, and behavior in old age
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What is the objective of long term care facilities?
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To provide place of safety and care to attain optimal wellness and independence for each individual.
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Discuss health assessment of older adults.
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-Height
-Weight -Vial signs -Observation of skin for hydration status or presence of lesions -Examination of visual and hearing acuity Question: -Usual dietary pattern -Bowel or urinary elimination problems -Activity -Exercise patterns -Sleep patterns -Family and social activities and interests -Reading, writing, or problem solving difficulties -Adjustment to retirement -Loss of the partner |
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What signs should nurses on the look out for in older adults?
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-Depression
-Risk factors for suicide -Signs of abnormal bereavement -Changes in cognitive function -Medications that increase risk of falls -Signs of physical abuse or neglect -Skin lesions -Tooth decay -Gingivitis -Loose teeth -Peripheral artery disease |
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Physiologic changes: Visual
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-Decreased tear secretion-dry eyes
-Malposition of eyelid-irritated eyes -Increased rigidity of iris-decrease of pupil size -Dilator muscle atrophy or weakness-slower reaction to light -Changes in lens-exposure to light; cataracts, glare -Retinal changes-decrease in cones in retina, hard to see blues and violets, decrease in visual acuity, macular degeneration -Liquefication and detachment of the vitreous-floaters |
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Physiologic changes: Auditory
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-Increased production of and drier cerumen-impacted ear wax, hearing loss
-Increased hair growth-men, hearing loss -Atrophic changes of tympanic membrane-conductive hearing loss -Hair cell degeneration, neuron degeneration in auditory nerve and central pathways, reduced blood supply to cochlea, calicification of ossicles-cause presbycusis, diminished sensitivity to high pitched sounds, tinitis -Less effective vestibular apparatus in semicircular canals-dizziness |
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Physiologic changes: Integumentary Skin
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-Decreased subcutaneous fat, muscle laxity, degeneration of elastic fibers, collagen stiffening-wrinkles, sagging skin, tenting
-Decreased extracellular water, surface lipids, and sebaceous gland activity-dry, flaky skin -Decreased activity of apocrine and sebaceous glands-dry skin, lack of perspiration, changes in skin color -Increased capillary fragility and permeability-bruising -Increased melanocytes in basal layer with pigment accumulation-age spots -Diminshed blood supply-cool skin, diminished awareness of pain -Decreased proliferative capacity-delayed wound healing |
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Physiological changes: Integumentary Hair
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Decreased melanin and melanocytes, oil, density of hair-gray, coarse, loss of hair
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Physiological changes: Integumentary Nails
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Decreased peripheral blood supply/circulation, increase keratin-thick, brittle nails
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Physiological changes: Respiratory
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-Chest wall stiffening, costal cartilage calcification, decrease elastic recoil, decrease functioning alveoli, and decrease expiratory muscle strength-barrel chest, decreased breath sounds, mucus is thicker, diminished lower lobe sounds
-Decrease in specific antibodies, decreased cilia function, decreased cough force, decreased alveolar macrophage function-cough is not productive, secretions are unable to move |
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Physiological changes: Cardiovascular
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-Kyphosis-curvature of upper back making it hard to hear heart sounds
-Increase collagen and scarring, decrease elastin-heart failure -Decrease cardiac output, heart rate in response to exercise or stress-slower to recover from exercise -Valvular rigidity-systolic murmur -Arterial stiffening-increase in systolic blood pressure, diminished pedal pulse -Venous tortuosity increased-venous twisting causing varicose veins and knots |
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Physiological changes: Gastrointestinal Mouth
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-Gingival retraction-receding gumline, loss of teeth, chewing trouble
-Decreased taste buds, decreased sense of smell-hard time tasting sweet and salty -Decreased volume of saliva-dry mouth and ulceration -Atrophy of gingival tissue-dentures not fititng, malnutrition |
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Physiological changes: Gastrointestinal Esophagus
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Lower esophageal sphincter pressure decreased, motility decreased-dysphagia, aspiration, GERD
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Physiological changes: Gastrointestinal Stomach
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Atrophy of gastric mucosa, decrease in blood flow-food intolerances, anemia, delayed gastric emptying
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Physiological changes: Gastrointestinal Small Intestine
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Slight decreases in secretion of most digestive enzymes and motility-indigestion, delay absorption of fat soluble vitamins, constipation, slow intestinal transit
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Physiological changes: Gastrointestinal Liver
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-Decrease size and lowered in position
-Decrease in protein synthesis, ability to regenerate-affects drug metabolism |
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Physiological changes: Gastrointestinal Large Intesting, Anus, and Rectum
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-Decreased anal sphincter tone and nerve supply to rectal area-fecal incontinence
-Decreased muscular tone, decreased motility-more gas and abdominal distention -Increase in transit time, sensation to defecation decreased-constipation, fecal impaction |
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Physiological changes: Gastrointestinal Pancreas
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Pancreatic ducts distended, lipase production decreased, pancreatic reserve impaired-impaired fat adsorption, decreased glucose tolerance
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Physiological changes: Urinary
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-Weakening of urinary sphincter-stress incontinence
-Decreased bladder capacity and sensroy receptors-frequency, urgeny, nocturia -Estrogen deficiency leading to thin, dry vaginal tissue-overactive bladder -Increased prevalence of unstable bladder contractions-overactive bladder -Prostatic enlargement-hesitancy, strain to urinate, dribbling, nocturia, frequency, urgeny |
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Physiological changes: Nervous
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-Decrease cerebral blood flow and metabolism-alterations in mental capacities
-Decrease efficiency of temperature regulating mechanism-decreased body temperature -Decrease neurotransmitters, loss of neurons-slower response time -Decrease oxygen supply, changes in basal ganglia caused by vascular changes-change in ambulation or gait -Possible decrease in deep tendon reflexes-diminshed reflexes -Decrease sensory conduction velocity as result of myelin sheath degeneration-sluggish reflexes, slow reaction time -Deep sleep increased-difficulty falling asleep -Rapid eye movement decreased in old-old adults-periods of wakefulness |
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Physiological changes: Musculoskeletal
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-Decreased number and diameter of muscle cells; replacement of muscle cells with fibrous connective tissue-decrease in muscle strength and bulk
-Loss of elasticity in ligaments and cartilage-decrease in fine motor activity and agility -Reduced ability to store glycogen; decreased ability to release glycogen as quick energy during stress-slowed reaction and reflexes -Increased risk for cartilage erosion that contributes to direct contact between bone ends and overgrowth of bone around joint margins-joint stiffness, decreased mobility, limited ROM, pain on mobility -Loss of water from disks between vertebrae; narrowing of intervertebral spaces-shrinkage in height, postural changes -Decrease in bone density-vertebral compressions and back pain |
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Name the health problems of older adults.
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-Injuries
-Chronic disabling illness -Drug use and misuse -Alcoholism -Dementia -Mistreatment of older adults |
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Discuss health promotion of older adult
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learning to adapt to and live with increasing changes and limitation. maximizing strengths in maintaining optimal function and quality of life
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nursing considerations of medications
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drug absorption slowed because decreased GI motility, blood flow, kidney functioning,
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