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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two disciplines |
-comparative philology -historical linguistics/diachronic linguistics |
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500 BC |
Celtic settlement of England |
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43-410 AD |
Roman presence in England |
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410 AD |
Roman withdrawal |
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Cognates |
Words look similar Sound differences are systematic Shared origin Developed meaning differences over time |
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Cognates |
Words look similar Sound differences are systematic Shared origin Developed meaning differences over time |
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Periodisation |
Old English (450-1100) Middle English (1100-1500) Early Modern English (1500-1750) Late Modern English (1750-) |
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55BC |
Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain |
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Cognates |
Words look similar Sound differences are systematic Shared origin Developed meaning differences over time |
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Periodisation |
Old English (450-1100) Middle English (1100-1500) Early Modern English (1500-1750) Late Modern English (1750-) |
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55BC |
Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain |
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Cognates |
Words look similar Sound differences are systematic Shared origin Developed meaning differences over time |
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Periodisation |
Old English (450-1100) Middle English (1100-1500) Early Modern English (1500-1750) Late Modern English (1750-) |
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55BC |
Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain |
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43-50 AD |
Emperor Claudius invades Britain |
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Cognates |
Words look similar Sound differences are systematic Shared origin Developed meaning differences over time |
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Periodisation |
Old English (450-1100) Middle English (1100-1500) Early Modern English (1500-1750) Late Modern English (1750-) |
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55BC |
Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain |
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43-50 AD |
Emperor Claudius invades Britain |
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449AD |
Germanic tribes invade British Isles ➡️ beginning of history of English language |
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Cognates |
Words look similar Sound differences are systematic Shared origin Developed meaning differences over time |
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Periodisation |
Old English (450-1100) Middle English (1100-1500) Early Modern English (1500-1750) Late Modern English (1750-) |
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55BC |
Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain |
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43-50 AD |
Emperor Claudius invades Britain |
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449AD |
Germanic tribes invade British Isles ➡️ beginning of history of English language |
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597AD |
St. Augustine introduces Christianity to British Isles |
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Cognates |
Words look similar Sound differences are systematic Shared origin Developed meaning differences over time |
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Periodisation |
Old English (450-1100) Middle English (1100-1500) Early Modern English (1500-1750) Late Modern English (1750-) |
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55BC |
Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain |
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43-50 AD |
Emperor Claudius invades Britain |
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449AD |
Germanic tribes invade British Isles ➡️ beginning of history of English language |
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597AD |
St. Augustine introduces Christianity to British Isles |
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787 |
Scandinavian invasion begins |
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Cognates |
Words look similar Sound differences are systematic Shared origin Developed meaning differences over time |
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Periodisation |
Old English (450-1100) Middle English (1100-1500) Early Modern English (1500-1750) Late Modern English (1750-) |
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55BC |
Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain |
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43-50 AD |
Emperor Claudius invades Britain |
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449AD |
Germanic tribes invade British Isles ➡️ beginning of history of English language |
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597AD |
St. Augustine introduces Christianity to British Isles |
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787 |
Scandinavian invasion begins |
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878AD |
King Alfred defeats Danes |
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Cognates |
Words look similar Sound differences are systematic Shared origin Developed meaning differences over time |
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Periodisation |
Old English (450-1100) Middle English (1100-1500) Early Modern English (1500-1750) Late Modern English (1750-) |
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55BC |
Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain |
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43-50 AD |
Emperor Claudius invades Britain |
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449AD |
Germanic tribes invade British Isles ➡️ beginning of history of English language |
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597AD |
St. Augustine introduces Christianity to British Isles |
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787 |
Scandinavian invasion begins |
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878AD |
King Alfred defeats Danes |
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1016 |
Danish King Cnut rules England |
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Cognates |
Words look similar Sound differences are systematic Shared origin Developed meaning differences over time |
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Periodisation |
Old English (450-1100) Middle English (1100-1500) Early Modern English (1500-1750) Late Modern English (1750-) |
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55BC |
Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain |
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43-50 AD |
Emperor Claudius invades Britain |
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449AD |
Germanic tribes invade British Isles ➡️ beginning of history of English language |
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597AD |
St. Augustine introduces Christianity to British Isles |
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787 |
Scandinavian invasion begins |
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878AD |
King Alfred defeats Danes |
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1016 |
Danish King Cnut rules England |
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1042 |
Accession of Edward the Confessor to the English Throne |
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Cognates |
Words look similar Sound differences are systematic Shared origin Developed meaning differences over time |
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1066 |
Duke William of Normandy conquers England ➡️ Norman Conquest |
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Periodisation |
Old English (450-1100) Middle English (1100-1500) Early Modern English (1500-1750) Late Modern English (1750-) |
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55BC |
Julius Caesar attempts to invade Britain |
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43-50 AD |
Emperor Claudius invades Britain |
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449AD |
Germanic tribes invade British Isles ➡️ beginning of history of English language |
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597AD |
St. Augustine introduces Christianity to British Isles |
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787 |
Scandinavian invasion begins |
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878AD |
King Alfred defeats Danes |
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1016 |
Danish King Cnut rules England |
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1042 |
Accession of Edward the Confessor to the English Throne |
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867 |
North and East of England under Scandinavian rule ➡️ Danelaw |
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Germanic invasion |
Subsequent invasion drove Britons to isolated areas (Wales, Scotland |
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Celtic Influence on OE |
-celtic influence minor -fewer than 12 celtic words thought to have been in 12th century English -many toponyms of celtic origin |
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Latin Influence |
-latin influence on germanic dialects already on the continent -only minor contact between Celts and Romans -remnant lexical borrowings mostly from military, infrastructure, administration, cultural sophistication) -remained important as language of Christianity - ca. 400 words of latin origin in OE |
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OE dialects |
-Kentish -West Saxon -Mercian -Northumbrian -> Mercian and Northumbrian = Anglian -> Anglian and Kentish barely attested -> West Saxon best documented due to the importance of Winchester -> modern English based on Mercian dialect due to the later importance of London |
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OE data situation |
-surviving manuscript material: 3 mio words of OE - little data because: 1. no widespread literacy 2. writing material = costly 3. texts lost in floods and fires |
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Who were the people whose texts survive today? |
- not many people able to write -monks served as scribes for religious and literary texts -almost no representation of the language of common population -no female writers -> very narrow representation of language use at that time |
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Scandinavian invasion + Danelaw |
787: first raids by seafaring vikings from Scandinavia 867: north and east of England under scandinavian rule (Danelaw) -> intense contact between Germanic and Norse settlers (similar lifestyle, mixed marriages) -> modern family and placenames |
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Germanic invasion |
-subsequent invasion drove Britonic tribes to isolated areas -immense linguistic and cultural Germanic influence -formation of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms -name *England* derived from Germanic dialect |
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Christianity |
597: St. Augustine introduces Christianity to England -monastic tradition: monasteries as medieval. Centres of education Latin as the working language of the church English as common vernacular |
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Languages of Britain in the OE period |
-Insular latin: spoken beyond Roman Withdrawal, language of Christianity -Old English: developed from Germanic dialects brought in after 449 -Old Norse: spoken by Scandinavian invaders during Danelaw -Medieval Welsh/Irish: heritage language of the original Britons -Continental Celtic: spoken by Celtic tribes in continental Europe; contact influence |
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The OE language system |
-OE technically (!) begins in 449 -in reality OE likely formed around 500 -first attested manuscript evidence of OE from ca. 700 -early evidence: Anglo-Saxon runes |
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OE morphology |
-synthetic rather than analytic (Genitive alternation) -high degree of inflection for nouns, verbs, adjectives, determiners and pronouns -weak/strong declension of adjectives and nouns -weak/strong conjugation of verbs -3 genders |
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OE syntax |
- 4-5 cases -nouns in OE inflect for number person and case -nouns could be freely moved in OE without losing encoding of subject or object -clause constituents could be moved without losing grammatical information (OE word order was flexible) -all six permutations of basic word order are accounted for in OE data -word order variation used for stylistic emphasis |
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OE lexis |
-vocab overwhelmingly germanic (ca. 85%) -reliance on compounding and affixation -minor borrowing from other languages |
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Scandinavian influence on OE |
-intense contact between OE and Old Norse due to intense contact during Danelaw -mutual intelligibility of OE and ON -> cultural and linguistic fusion -> over 900 words borrowed from scandinavian into OE and E-Middle-English -> evidence that Danelaw still exists today (family names, over 1400 scand. placenames in England) |
