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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Histology of Rabies
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virus uses axonal transport
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Botulinum toxin
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inhibits acetylcholine release leading to muscle de-innervation. Release is inhibited by disallowing fusion of synaptic resicles with presynaptic membrane
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parkinson's
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loss of dopaminergic neurons - muscle palsy
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Hydrocephalus
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water on the brain, imootile cilia on ependymal cells
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Multiple Sclerosis
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DNS demyelination from IgG's in the CNS
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Peripheral neuropathy
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PNS demyelination
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ALS
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Lou Gherig's disease
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From which germ layer do neuron's develop
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From the ectoderm germ layer which differentiates to neural crest and , neural tube and neural plate
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What cells develop from the neural crest
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PNS sensory neurons, Autonomic ganglion cells Schwann cells
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What cells develop from the neural tube
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CNS neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, Ventricles
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perikaryon
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cell bedy of a neuron
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Distinguishing feature of the LM view of a neuron cell body
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prominent nucleolus
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Morphological classification of neurons
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multipolor, bipolor or pseudouniolar
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Appearance of lipofuscin in neurons
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very dark versicles about the size of the nucleolus
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What is the name of a branch of a neuron axon
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recurrent branch
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The dorsal and ventral rama of a spinal nerve
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the divisions of a spinal nerve after the afferent and efferent fibers have mixed
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purkinje fibers
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located in the inner ventricular walls of the heart, mycardial fibers
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what is the name of the nerve myofibers of the cardium
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purkinje fibers
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The directions of axonal transport
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anterograde (out - kinesin) and retrograde (in - dynein)
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Name of afferent impulses that tell the position of a muscle or joint
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proprioception
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negri body
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eoseinophilic inclusion in a neuron in rabies
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lyssa body
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eosinophilic inclusion in a neuron in rabies
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Cellular appearance of rabies
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negri and lyssa body inclusions (eosinophilic)
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What staining makes synapses show up in LM
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silver staining
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the name of multiple synapses generated by travel of incoming neuron along surface of target
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boutons en passant
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boutons en passant
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the name of multiple synapses generated by travel of incoming neuron along surface of target
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Speed of neurons axonal transport
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slow (anterorgrade only) up to 4 mm /day. Fast (both directions) 20 to 400 mm each day
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The clinical symptoms of rabies
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encephalitis
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The name of an enlarged end of an axon terminal
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bouton terminal
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3 types of synapses
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axosomatic, axodendritic, axoaxonic
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Whre are electrical synapses found in the human body
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smooth and cardiac muscle cells, brainstem, retina and cerebral cortex
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What causes a neuron membrane to be hyperpolarized or inhibited
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influx of CL- ions
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Typical exitatory neurotransmitors
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acetylcholine, glutamine, serotonin
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Typical inhibitory neurotransmitors
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GABA, glycine
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Primary Neurotransmitter of the CNS
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glutamate
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Primary inhibitory NT of the CNS
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GABA
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Major NT of the PNS
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acetylcholine
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Serotonin
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CNS and enteric NT - derived from tryptophan
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Simple gas Neurotransmitter
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nitrous Oxide
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Cdifferent types of cholinergic receptors
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muscarinic and nicotineic
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What are the catecholamines
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Neurotransmitters norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine
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Name the class of neurotransmitters s that includes EPI
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catecholamines
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Where is the NT norepinephrine used
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post-synatpic sympathetic axons and effectors in ANS (except for sweat glands)
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What neurotransmitter is used in sweat glands
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acetecholine
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Where is epinephrine used
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adrenalin in the CNS and endocrine cells during fight or flight
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chromaffin cells
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endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla
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Where is dopamine used
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In the cerebellum
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Adrenergic neurons
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neurons that use epinephrine as their neuro transmitter
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What causes parkinson's disease
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loss of dopaminergic neurons - muscle palsy
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Parkinsons's disease microscopic indications
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loss of pigmentation, increase in glial cells, precense of lewy bodies
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Parkinson's clinical symptoms
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resting limb tremors (esp. hand) rigidity and increased stiffness in all muscles, bradykinesia and akinesia
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bradykinesia
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slow movements (typical of parkinson's
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akinesia
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inability to start movements (typical of parkinson's)
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treament of parkinson's
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L-Dopa and amantadine (DA stiumulator), and stem cells
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where is serotonin used
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NT's in CNS and enteric systems - recycled after use. Portion is recycled after use
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substance P
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small peptide used as a neurotransmitter
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whre are small peptides used as neurotransmitters
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enteroendocrin cells of intestinal tract, by endocrine organs and by neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus
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Most common method of neurotransmitter clearing
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80% by re-uptake
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What enzymes destroy and inactivate used neurotransmitters
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acetylocholinestase, MAO and COMT
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Satelllite cells appearance and function
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in the PNS cuboidal nuclei, insulation and metabolite exchange
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soma
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cell body
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enteric glial cells
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morphologically and functionally similar to astrocytes
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visible difference between and a motor and sensory neuron
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inclusion bodies only in a motor neuron
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From which germ layer do neuroglial cells derive
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From the neural tube
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What are intermediate filaments in a neuron called
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a neurofilament
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initial segment
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just past at the axon hillock, the place where the action potential is generated
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perioaxoplasmic plaques
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site of protein synthesis at the axon
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visible identification of an axon
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a pale staining hillock is at the origin of the hillock
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distinguishing feature of the LM view of a microglia
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small elongated nuclei, short twisted processes seen with heavy metal stain
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intercalated neurons
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multipolar neurons that for a network between sensory & motor neurons - 99.9% of neurons
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distinguishing feature of astrocytes
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large oval light-staining nucleus
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types of astrocytes
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protoplasmic astrocytes - at brain and spinal cord surfaces - common in grey matter
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What are the directions of the motors of the microtubules
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dynein - retrograde, kineisin - anterograde. Fibrous astrocytes, common in white matter
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What accounts for most brain tumors
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fibrous astrocytes
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Function of protoplasmic astrocytes
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extend subplial feet to basal lamina to form blood-brain matter
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glia limitans
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blood brain barrier
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oligodendrocyte distinguishing feature
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irregular darly stained nuclei
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differences between myelin sheaths in CNS and PNS
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no external lamina in CNS, nodes of ranvier are larger, unmyelinated neurons are not embedded in glial cell processes
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presynaptic density
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location of docking of Neurotransmitters
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postsynaptic density
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location of receptors for neurotransmitters
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Choroid plexus
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modified ependymal cells and associated capillaries located within brain ventricles - produces cerebral spinal fluid
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NSF
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one of the molecules involved in vessicle docking in neurotransmission
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hydrocephalus
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build-up of fluid in the brain
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From what is catecholamines derived
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tyrosine
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From what is serotonin derived
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tryptophan
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Lewy bodies
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accumulation of neurofilaments and alpha-synuclein, characteristics of parkinson's
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pathological feature of multiple sclerosis
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changes in lipid/protein components of myelin - irregular multple plaques, myelin loss inhibits action potention conduction
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What intermediate filaments do monocyte descendents contain
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vimentin
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what is the most abundant cell in the CNS
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astrocytes
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parts of the blood brain barrier
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tight junctions of endotheliel cells, basement membrane, foot processes( netters ) from astroglial cells
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aquaporins
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molecules in foot process of astroglial cells that select what passess
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glial limitans
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foot proccesses of the astrocytes that contact the pia matter
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What is the IF of the astrocytes
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glial fibrilary acidic protein
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what is the marker for brain tumors
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glial fibrilary acidic protein
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choroid plexus
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organ where epyndymal are in close association with blood vessels
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