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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Are semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes |
Ointments |
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The word ointment comes from the latin word__________ meaning________ |
Ungere Anoint with oil |
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May be ______ or ________ |
Medicated or not medicated |
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Ointment are used for several purposes such as (6) |
Protectants Antiseptics Emollients Antipruritics Keratolytic Astringent |
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Protect the skin against moisture, air, sun rays and other external factors |
Protective ointment |
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Destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria |
Antiseptic ointment |
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4 ointment bases |
Oleaginous bases Absorption bases Water-removable bases Water-soluble bases |
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Anhydrous, greasy, non-washable does not absorb water and occlusive (form film on skin so it increases the skin hydration by reducing the rate of loss of surface water |
Oleaginous bases |
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Oleaginous bases are used as: |
Protectants, emollient, vehicles for hydrolyzable drugs |
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Also termed as |
Hydrocarbon bases |
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Characteristics of hydrocarboli |
-have emollient effect -protect escape of moisture -occlusive dressings -remain on the skin -difficult to wash off |
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When powdered substances are to be incorporated,_________ may be used as levigating agent |
Liquid petrolatum |
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Examples of hydrocarbon bases |
-petrolatum, USP -White Petrolatum, USP -yellow ointment, USP -white ointment, USP |
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Petroleum, USP is obtained from_____ |
Petrolatum |
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Petrolatum, USP Color:______ |
Yellowish to light amber |
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Petrolatum usp melts in:______ |
38-60C |
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Petrolatum, USP Synonyms:_____ Commercial product:_____ |
Yellow petrolatum, petroleum jelly Vaseline |
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Mixture of semisolid hydrocarbon from petrolatum that had been nearly decolorized |
White petrolatum, USP |
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Consider pleasing by some pharmacists and patients |
White petrolatum, USP |
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White petrolatum USP Synonyms:___ Commercial product:_____ |
White petroleum jelly White vaseline |
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Contains yellow wax and petrolatum |
Yellow ointment, USP |
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From honeycomb (______) |
Yellow wax Apis mellifera |
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Prepared by melting and adding the petrolatum until uniform mixture |
Yellow ointment, USP |
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Yellow ointment Synonym:_____ |
Simple ointment |
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Bleached and purified yellow wax |
White ointment, USP |
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-oleaginous base + w/o surfactant -anhydrous but hydrophilic ointment bases, they can absorb several times their weight of water-in-oil emulsion -non-washable, not water soluble |
Absorption base |
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Used as protectants, emollient, vehicle for aqueous solution, solid, non-hydrolyzable drugs |
Absorption bases |
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Absorption base Example:______ |
Hydrophilic petrolatum, anhydrous lanolin, aquabase, aquaphor, polysorb |
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Type of absorption bases: 1.)permit the incorporation of _________ resulting in the formation of water-in-oil emulsions Ex. ________ |
Aqueous solutions Hydrophilic petrolatum |
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Types of absorption bases 2.)those that are water-in-oil emulsion that permit the incorporation of _________ Ex ________ |
Additional quantities of aqueous solution Lanolin |
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Not easily removed by water |
Absorption bases |
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Incorporating the aqueous solution into the absorption base then incorporating this mixture into the hydrocarbon base |
Useful as adjuncts |
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Melting the stearyl alcohol and white wax on a steam bath, adding the white petrolatum and allowing the mixture to cool while stirring until congealed |
Hydrophilic petrolatum, USP |
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-From wool of sheep (______) -contains not more than _______ water (anhydrous form) |
Lanolin, USP Ovis aries 0.25% |
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Lanolin that has been processed to reduce the content of free lanolin alcohol and any detergent and pesticide |
Modified lanolin |
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O/w emulsions; easily washed from skin |
Water-removable bases |
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Used as emollients, cleansing creams, vehicles for solid liquid or non-hydrolyzable drugs Ex. _______ |
Water removable bases Hydrophilic ointment |
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Methylparaben Propylparaben Sodium lauryl sulfaye Propylene glycol Stearyl alcohol White petrolatum Purified water |
0.25 0.15 10 120 250 250 370 |
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-melt together alcohol and white petrolatum (75) -other ingredients dissolved in water -_______- emulsifying agent -________- antimicrobial preservatives |
Water-removable bases Sodium lauryl sulfate paraben |
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Do not contain oleaginous components |
Water soluble base |
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Completely water washable and often referred as greaseless Ex:________ and _______ |
Water-soluble base PEG and Polybase |
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-polymer of ethylene oxide and water -_____- has average molecular weight below _____ -clear colorless liquid -those high moleculat weight above 1000 are wax like white mterials -composition: _____ and ______ -when aqueous sol is addrd, reduce the amount of ______ |
Polyethylene glycol ointment, NF PEG, 600 PEG 3350 and PEG 400 PEG 3350 |
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Selection lf appropriate base |
- release rate -topical absorption -occlusion of moisture -stability -washing -characterictic of surface |
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For dry, scaly skin |
Ointment |
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Applied to weeping or oozing surface |
Cream |
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Applied to intertriginous areas where friction may occur |
Lotion |
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Preparation of ointments |
1.) mechanical incorporation 2.) fusion |
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Mix together (mortar and pestle, spatula and slab) roller mill, levigating powder (reduction of particle size in suspending agent compatible with the ointment base) |
Incorporation method |
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Stainless steel spatula |
By spatulation |
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If components react with metals use _______ |
Hard rubbed sparula |
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Geometric dilutionoul |
Slow mixing |
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Oils are external phase |
Mineral oil base |
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Water is the external phase |
Glycerin base |
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Pulverization by intervention can be used |
For gummy material |
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Alcoholic solutions of small volume may be addrd easoly to oleaginous vehicle or emulsion base- ________ |
Peru balsam |
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Ingredients are melted together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed |
Fusion |
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-______________ -Small scale preparation - _______________- large scale |
Porcelain dish or glass beaker Large steam-jacketed kettles |
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Fusion method examples |
Beeswax Paraffin Stearyl alcohol HMW PEG |
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Compedial requirements for ointments |
-microbial content -minimum fill -packaging -storage -labelling |
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-do not req to be sterile |
Microbial content |
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Parabens, phenols, benzoic zcod, sorbic acid, quaternary ammonium salts |
Antimicrobial preservatives |
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Test for absence of staphylococcus aures and Pseudomonas aureginosa |
Betamethasone Valerate ointment |
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Determination of the weight or volume of contents to ensure proper contentd compared with the labeled amount |
Minimum fill |
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-large-mouth ointment or metal or plastic tube -well-closed container |
Packaging, storage and labeling |
