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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Term used to describe wearing away of tooth surface by chemical means; chronic vomitin, lemons, vinegar, phosphoric acid.
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Erosion
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Mechanical wearing away of root surface.
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Abrasion
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A noncarious lesion resembling cracks, notches, or lines around the cervical third of the tooth.
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Abfraction
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Appears as white opacities in the enamel surface.
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Flourosis
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Triangular cross section view of a working end is limited to what gingival use?
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Supragingival
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Semi-circular cross section of working end is used for supra or subgingival?
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Both
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The cutting edge of an instrument should meet the tooth surface at an angle of?
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Less than 90 degrees and more than 45 degrees.
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A slender instrument used to evaluate the health of the periodontal tissues, blunt, rod-shaped working ends.
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Probe
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Used to locate calculus deposits, tooth irregularities, carious lesions, circular in cross section.
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Explorer
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What type of shank do you use on anterior teeth?
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Simple
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What type of shank do you use on posterior teeth?
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Complex
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Portion of the shank that allows the working end to be adapted to the tooth surface.
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Functional shank
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Portion of the functional shank that is nearest to the working end.
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Lower shank
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What two types of functional shank length are there?
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Short and Long
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What two types of lower shanks are there?
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Standard and Extended
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The instrument's function is determined by?
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Working end
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What determines whether an instrument can be used sub or supragingivally?
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Cross section of instrument
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Crown forms that result from syphillis.
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Hutchinson's incisors
Mulberry molars |
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Caries that start at the CEJ and moves to root surface.
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Root caries
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Disease of the mineralized structure of the teeth characterized by demineralization of the hard components.
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Dental caries
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Carious lesion that has become stationary and does not show a tendency to progress further.
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Arrested caries
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Carious lesion that occurs on a surface not previously affected.
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Primary or initial caries.
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Instrument used to remove supragingival calculus deposits; triangular in cross-section; pointed tip; pointed back.
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Sickle scaler
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Instrument used to remove supra and subgingival calculus deposits; semi circular; rounded toe, rounded back.
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Curet
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Instrument used to crush large calculus deposits.
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Periodontal file
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What is the normal pH of enamel?
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4.5 to 5.0
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What is the normal pH of cementum?
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6.0 to 6.7
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What microorganisms form dental caries?
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Lactobacilli
Streptococci |
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Term used to describe when a tooth is impacted into the alveolar bone and the socket is fractured.
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Intrusion
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Term used to describe when a tooth is partially removed from the socket.
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Extrusion
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Term used to describe when a tooth is completely displaced or knocked out of the socket.
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Avulsion
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What part of the instrument determines where the instrument if going to be used?
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Shank
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Term used to describe denoting a condition of unknown cause.
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Idiopathic
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Term used to describe beginning or coming into existence.
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Incipient
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Term used to describe removal of bone or tooth structure.
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Resorption
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Term used to describe rigid fixation of a tooth to the surrounding alveolus.
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Dental ankylosis
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What color does enamel hypoplasia appear?
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Brown
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Systemic enamel hypoplasia is also called?
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Chronologic hypoplasia
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Teeth that are most frequently affected by enamel hypoplasia?
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1st Molars
Incisors Canines |
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Which permanent teeth erupt at 6 - 7 years?
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1st Molars
Mandibular incisors |
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Which permanent teeth erupt at age 7-8 years?
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Maxillary incisors
Maxillary and mandibular laterals |
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Which permanent teeth erupt at age 10-12 years?
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All 1st Premolars
Mandibular Canines |
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Which permanent teeth erupt at age 11-13 years?
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All 2nd Premolars
Maxillary Canines (All permanent teeth have erupted by age 13) |
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What are the assessment instruments?
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Probe
Explorers |
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What are the debridment instruments?
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Sickle scalers
Curets Periodontal files |
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Where is the probe positioned in relation to the tooth?
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Parallel to the long access of the tooth.
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A secondary canal extending from the pulp to the surface of the root.
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Accessory root canal
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An oral habit of grinding, clenching, or clamping of teeth.
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Bruxism
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Term used to describe something that is conducive to dental caries.
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Cariogenic
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What is the appearance of erosion and what teeth does it commonly affect?
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Appearance is smooth, shallow, hard, shiny, saucer-like depressions mostly found on lingual of anteriors.
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Term used to describe loosening with displacement of tooth.
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Luxation
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Hereditary type of enamel hypoplasia.
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Amelogenisis imperfecta
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What creates a carious lesion?
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Microorganisms found in biofilm on tooth surface convert carbohydrates into acid which in turn lowers the pH balance of the enamel and deminirilizes it, causing carious lesion.
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What are the two phases of Enamel Caries?
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Phase I - Incipient Lesion: Subsurface deminiralization
Visualization 1st Clinical Evidence Reminiralization Phase II - Untreated Incipient Lesion: Breakthrough of enamel Progression of carious lesion Spread of carious lesion |
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What is the appearance of abrasion?
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Notch created in root area caused by nail biting, pins, pipes, bobby pins
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What is the appearanc of abfraction?
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Wedge or U-shaped cervical notch caused by bruxism.
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Widespread formation of chalky white areas and lesions that may increase in size over a short time.
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Rampant caries
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Lesion that occurs on a surface next to a restoration.
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Recurrent or secondary caries.
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Incomplete or defective formation of enamel
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Enamel hypoplasia
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What type of shank do you use on anteriors supragingivally?
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Simple shank - short functional shank length
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What type of shank do you use on anterios subgingivally?
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Simple shank - long functional shank length
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What type of shank do you use on posteriors supragingivally?
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Complex shank - short funtional shank length
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What type of shank do you use on posteriors subgingivally?
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Complet shank - long funtioncal shank length
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When does the primary (decidous) dentition start mineralizing?
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In utero
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When does the permanent dentition start mineralizing?
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At birth
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At what age does the primary dentition erupt?
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2 1/2 to 5 1/2 years old
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Wearing away of tooth surface as a result of tooth to tooth contact?
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Attrition
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What surfaces of the tooth does attrition affect?
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Incisal, occlusal, proximal surfaces
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What causes attrition?
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Bruxism and usage, coarse foods, tobacco, dust
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Locations of Class I Caries.
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Pits and Fissures
Occlusal f molars & premolars Facial & lingual of molars Lingual of maxillary incisors |
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Locations of Class II Caries.
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Proximal of molars & premolars
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Locations of Class III Caries.
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Proximal of incisors & canines NOT Incisal edges
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Locations of Class IV Caries.
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Proximal of incisors & canines INCLUDING Incisal edges
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Locations of Class V Caries.
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Cervical third of facial or lingual surfaces of all teeth
NO Pit or Fissures |
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Locations of Class VI Caries.
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Incisal edges of anterior teeth or cusp tips of posterior teeth.
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Combination of primary and permanent teeth is called? It is found in children of what age?
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Mixed dentition - 6 to 12
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Term used to describe "no teeth"
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Edentulous
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List potential risk factors for root caries.
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Root exposed
Inadequate personal hygiene Diet of carogenic foods low floride exposure xerostomia hystory of dental caries prosthetic devices tobacco use |
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Scoring system for Dean's fluorosis Index
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0 - Normal: smooth, creamy white enamel surface
1 - Questionable: slight changes from normal translucency are noted. 2 - Very Mild: Small, irregular opaque, less 25% of labial surface. 3 - Mild: White opaque areas that cover more than 50% of the tooth surface. 4 - Moderate: Enamel surface shows wear and may feature brown stains. 5 - Severe: Widespread, pitting, staining, worn areas, brown staining, and/or corroded appearance. |
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Scoring system for TSIF; Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis.
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0 - No evidence of fluorosis
1 - Evidence of white areas that cover less than 1/3 of tooth. 2 - Evidence of white areas that cover at least 1/3 of tooth but less than 2/3. 3 - Evidence of white areas totalling at least 2/3 of the visible surface. 4 - Evidence of white areas including brown staining. 5 - Pitting evident, no staining 6 - Pitting and staining evident 7 - Pitting, staining, missing enamel, anatomy of tooth altered. |
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By G.V. Black's classification, caries that cover more than 2 surfaces are considered to be what?
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Complex
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By G.V. Black's classification, caries that cover one surface are considered to be what?
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Simple
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By G.V Black's classification, caries that cover 2 surfaces are considered to be what?
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Compound
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When was Angle's Classification created and by whom?
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1987 - Dr. Edward Angle
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What teeth are looked at to the determine the occlusion class by Angle's classification?
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1st Molars
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If 1st molars are missing, what teeth do you look at to determine the occlusion class by Angle's classification system?
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Canines
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What is Class I in Angle's classification of occlusion looking at 1st molars?
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Mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary 1st molar occludes with mesiobuccal groove of mandibular 1st molar.
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What is Class II Division I in Angle's classification of occlusion looking at 1st molars?
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Mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary 1st molar is mesial to the mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular 1st molar; and the maxillary central incisors are protruded labially; most commonly overjet.
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What is Class II Division II in Angle's classification of occlusion looking at 1st molars?
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Mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary 1st molar is mesial to the mesiobuccal groove of mandibular 1st molar; and the maxillary central incisors are retruded lingually; most commonly overbite.
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What is Class III in Angle's classification of occlusion looking at 1st molars?
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Mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary 1st molar is distal to the mesiobuccal groove of mandibular 1st molar.
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How does enamel hypoplasia appear clinically?
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A line across the teeth symbolizing interruption in enamel formation.
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The stages of development of gingivitis and periodentitis are divided into 4 types of lesions. List them.
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Initial lesion
Early lesion Established lesion Advanced lesion |
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Type of lesion: Inflammatory response to dental biofilm occurs within 2 to 4 days of irritation from bacterial accumulation. Increase flow of gingival sulcus fluid; early breakdown of collagen of the supporting gingival fiber groups; no clinical evidence of change appears, slight marginal redness with enlargement due to fluid collection.
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Initial lesion
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Lesion type: Dental biofilm becomes older and thicker - 7 to 14 days; infiltration of fluid, lymphocytes, and neutrophils with a few plasma cells into the connective tissue; epithelium proliferates; clinical signs: slight gingival enlargement
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Early lesion
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Type of lesion: Fluid and leukocytes increase; proliferation of epithelium continues, pocket epithelium is more permeable; areas of ulceration of the lining of epithelium develop; early pocket formation; clear evidence of inflammation is present with marginal redness, bleeding upon probing, and spongy marginal gingiva.
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Established lesion
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Lesion type: Alveolar bone destruction is initiated; coronal portion of junctional epithelium becomes detached; pocket becomes progressively deepened; mobility; bone loss; junctional epithelium continues to migrate.
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Advanced lesion
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What is the primary etiologic factor in the development of gingival and periodontal diseases?
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Dental biofilm
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Term used for a factor that is the actual cause of a disease or condition.
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Etiologic factor
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Term used for a factor that lends assistance to, supplements, or adds to a condition or disease.
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Contributing factor
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Term used for an exposure that increases the probability that disease will occur.
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Risk factor
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Drug used to control seizures which induced gingival enlargement.
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Phenytoin
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Immonosuppressant drug used for patients with organ transplants to prevent rejection; induces gingival enlargement.
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Cyclosporine
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Drug used for treatment of angina and ventricular arrhythmias; induces gingival enlargement.
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Nifedipine
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What instrument is used to examin furcations?
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Naber's probe
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Example of computer assisted probe?
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Florida Probe
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What substances are found in a gingival pocket?
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Enzymes
Endotoxins Sulcus fluid desquamated epithelial cells Leukocytes Exudate Living & Dead Microorganisms Serum |
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Pocket formed by gingival enlargement without apical migration of the junctional epithelium.
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Gingival pocket
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Pocket formed as a result of disease that causes the junctional epithelium to migrate along the cementum.
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Periodontal pocket
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A probing depth of how many mm indicates periodontal pocket?
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Deeper than 3 mm
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How many measuring sites are there per tooth?
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6
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Definition of probe depth.
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Distance in mm from the gingival margin to the base of the sulcus or peridontal pocket.
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When probing how should you position the probe in relation to the tooth?
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Probe should be parallel to the long axis of the tooth.
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What should the stroke pressure be when probing?
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10 to 20 grams
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Where do you insert the probe for anterior teeth?
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Midline
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Where do you insert the probe for posterior teeth?
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Distal line angle
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How is clinical attachment loss determined?
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Measure the visible recession and add it to the probe depth.
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What instrument do you use to remove a large deposit of calculus supragingivally?
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Sickle scaler
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What instrument do you use to remove a small deposit of calculus supragingivally?
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Universal curet
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What instrument do you use to remove a medium deposit of calcus that is both supra and subgingival?
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Universal curet
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What instrument do you use to remove a small deposit of calculus subgingivally?
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Universal curet
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What instrument do you use to remove a small deposit of calculus on the middle or apical third of the root.
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Area specific curet
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D.H. right handed positions:
Anterior surfaces towards you. |
8-9 o'clock
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D.H. right handed position:
Anterior surfaces away from you. |
12:00 o'clock
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D. H. right handed position:
Posterior surfaces towards you. |
9:00 o'clock
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D. H. right handed position:
Posterior surfaces away from you. |
10-11 o'clock
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How do you find the correct working end for the ODU 11/12 Explorer?
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Establish a mesial wrap to determine which working end to use on surfaces of the tooth towards you and surfaces of the tooth away from you.
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The ODU 11/12 Explorer has two working ends. What two different sections are the working ends used for?
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One working end is used for surfaces toward you and one for surfaces away from you for anterior teeth.
One working end is used distal, buccal, mesial of posterior (turn) |
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Where do you insert the ODU 11/12 explorer for anterior teeth and posterior teeth?
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anterior teeth - midline
posterior teeth - distal line angle |
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What type of movement do you use with the ODU 11/12 explorer?
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Use short overlapping oblique strokes; wrist rock off fulcrum.
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Where do you place the tip of the sickle scaler in relation to the tooth?
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0 degrees (closed); under deposit;before working stroke is activated tilt the lower shank toward the tooth surface to create a face to tooth angulation of 70 to 80 degrees.
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What is the working stroke of the sickle scaler?
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Short overlapping oblique strokes.
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How do you find the correct working end for the posterior sickle scaler?
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Establish a mesial wrap
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Sickle scaler for anterior teeth has two working ends. What are they used for?
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One working end is used for the maxilla and the other working end is used for the mandible.
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Sickle scaler for posterior teeth has two working ends. What are they used for?
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One working is is used for maxillary posterior right sextant and mandibular posterior left sextant. The other working end is used for maxillary posterior left sextant and mandibular posterior right sextant.
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Barnhart 5/6 is what type of instrument?
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Universal curet
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Universal curets have how many cutting edges?
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2
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How do you find the correct working end of a universal curet?
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Mesial wrap
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The Universal curet has two working ends. What are they used for?
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One working end is used for surfaces towards you - all anteriors. One working end is used for surfaces away from you - all anteriors. For posteriors, one working end, turn instrument.
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Where do you insert the universal curet on anterior teeth and where do you insert it on posterior teeth?
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Midline for anteriors
Distal line angle for posteriors |
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How do you make a deposit removal stroke with the universal curet?
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Insert subgingivally at 0 degrees under the deposit and open the blade to 60-80 degrees for deposit removal.
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These instruments have long, complex functional shanks and they are especially suited for instrumentation of root surfaces.
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Area specific curets
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The cutting edges of this instrument are curved as opposed to parallel to each other.
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Area specific curet
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Face to lower shank relationship of an area specific curet is?
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70 degrees.
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How many cutting edges does an area specific curet have?
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Two - one functional (lower) and one nonfuntional (higher)
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How do you establish the correct working end of an area-specific curet?
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Mesial wrap
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The Area specific curet Gracey 1/2 has two working ends. What are they used for?
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Anterior surfaces toward you.
Anteriro surfaces away. |
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How do you make a working stroke with the Gracey 1/2, area specific curet?
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Insert at 0 degrees at the midline, place under deposit, open blade, activate working stroke
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Where do you use Area Specific curet Gracey 11/12?
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Buccal, Lingual, and Mesial surfaces of posterior teeth.
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How do you establish which working end to use on a Gracey 11/12?
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Mesial wrap
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Where do you insert a Gracey 11/12 curet?
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Distal line angle
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At what angulation do you insert a Gracey 11/12 curet and how do you make a working stroke?
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Insert at 0 degrees under deposit and open blade to 60-80 degrees, activate stroke.
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Where do you use Area Specific curet Gracey 13/14?
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Distal surfaces of posterior teeth.
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How do you establish which working end to use on a Gracey 13/14?
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Mesial wrap
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Where do you insert a Gracey 13/14?
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Distal line angle
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At what angulation do you insert a Gracey 13/14 and how do you make a working stroke?
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Insert at 0 degrees under deposit and open blade to 60-80 degrees, activate stroke.
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Another name for assessment stroke is?
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Exploratory stroke
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Name two technique errors when using an explorer.
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Death grip
Applying pressure with middle finger to shank. |
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What type of activation is used for calculus removal, wrist or digital activation?
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Wrist Activation
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What type of activation is used for ultrasonic instruments, wrist or digital activation?
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Digital Activation
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A calculus deposit with the outermost layer removed is called?
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Burnished deposit
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What type of stroke do you use for calculus removal?
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Horizontal, Vertical, Oblique
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On what surfaces of the teeth do you use horizontal strokes?
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Line angles of posterior teeth, furcation areas, and narrow root surfaces of anterior teeth. .
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On what surfaces of the teeth do you use vertical strokes?
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All tooth surfaces of anteriors and mesial and distal surfaces of posteriors.
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On what surfaces of the teeth do you use oblique strokes?
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Facial and lingual of anteriors and posteriors.
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For correct adaptation what part of the instrument must always be in contact with the tooth surface?
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Tip-third or toe-third of the working end.
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Positioning of the first 1 to 2 mm of the working end's lateral surface in contact with the tooth.
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Adaptation
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What is a disadvantage of using area specific curets?
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Working time is lost by changing instruments.
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