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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is offender profiling?
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-investigation tool from police when solving crimes Aim: -create an idea of the offender's likely characteristics -helps police focus resources on more likely suspects & make new leads |
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What are the two different approaches of Offender Profiling?
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Top down approach And Bottom up approach |
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Top Down Approach (typology approach): where did it originate? Who created it ? What type of convicted criminals ? and how many of them? |
-Originated in United States (1970's) -FBI -interviewed 36 convicted serial killers & sexually motivated murderers for insight into thinking & behav. |
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Top down Approach (Method): Prof. Inp (1) Dec Proc Mod (2) Crime Asses 1 (3) Crime Asses 2 (4) Apprehen (5) |
Profiling inputs: Data collected= -descript. of the crime scene (photog. & sketches) -backgr. info about victim(employ,habits&relatio.) -details of actual crime (weapon, cause of death autopsy repor.) All info even trivial |
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Top Down Approach (Method): Prof. Inp (1) Dec Proc Mod (2) Crime Asses 1 (3) Crime Asses 2 (4) Apprehen (5) |
Decision Process Models: -profiler makes decisio. about data & organises into meaningful patterns Murder Type: mass/spree/serial murder Time. fact: crime short/ long & crime night/day Locat. factors: Is crime scene (e.g where kidnap) same as murder scene |
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Top Down Approach (Method): Prof. Inp (1) Dec Proc Mod (2) Crime Asses 1 (3) Crime Asses 2 (4) Apprehen (5) |
-Classified as organised or disorganised profile Criminal profile constructed including hypotheses about likely: -background -habits -beliefs and work out strategy to help catch the offender |
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Top Down Approach (Method): Prof. Inp (1) Dec Proc Mod (2) Crime Asses 1 (3) Crime Asses 2 (4) Apprehen. (5) |
-Written report given to investigating agency (e.g police) -persons matching profile are evaluated -If new evidence made / no suspect go back to step 2 |
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Top Down Approach (Method): Prof. Inp (1) Dec Proc Mod (2) Crime Asses 1 (3) Crime Asses 2 (4) Apprehen (5) |
-If suspect apprehended entire profile-generating process is reviewed -checks that att each stage conclusions are legitimate (valid)-consider how the process can be reviewed for the future
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Types of Offenders: Douglas 1992 Organised Vs Disorganised |
-Planned Vs Unplanned -Specifically targeted Vs Random Selection (spontaneous/spur of moment -High control/little evidence Vs impulsive, body/evidence left at crime scene -High intelligence, socially &sexually competent & live with partner/working car & follow crimes in media Vs Low than average. IQ/unskilled work/unemployed/sexual dysfunction history/failed relationships/alone |
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Evaluation of Top Down Approach (TDA): Police used the FBI methods found it useful... (STRENGTH) |
-invaluable in order to help direct police resources to right area /better understanding of charact. & elimin. some people from enqui. -However only used for limited crimes (murders/rapes/arsons) more common offences e.g burglary profiling cannot apply as much limited in identifying criminal of psrtic. crimes |
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Evaluation of Top Down Approach: Researchers focus on one variable to be the cause of an offender committing crime - Limited explanation (LIMITATION) |
Typologies to categorise offenders as organised/disorganised -Some offenders show charact. of both typologies = make predictions difficult -Content analysis 100 cases of serial killers (US) -Researchers found signif. high no. disorganised crimes than organis. -Further analysis: did not clearly separate organised/disorganised crimes & found no distinction between crimes e.g serial murders |
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Evaluation of Top Down Approach: Basis of the method is flawed as generalises results of offenders of diff. crimes, locations,races/genders |
-original data on organised/disorganised classification based on interview. 36 of most dangerous & sexually motivate murderers e.g Ted Bundy & Charles Manson -data used to identify key characteristics to help people 'read' a crime scene -However, individuals like the 36 (highly manipulative) not best source of reliable info. -Does not represent all offenders & is ∴ a limitation |
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Evaluation of the Top Down Approach: Not based any science or theory ∴ accuracy of profiles generat very subjective & open to interpre |
-explained Barnum Effect where vague evide. of crime could be manip. to fit character. of particu. type of offender as part of crime classify stage -might be acceptable if it weren't for profiling having the potent. to cause harm if wrong=mislead investiga. -In contrast, bottom up approach more scientific based on objective statistical techniques & comp. analysis -raises question whether objective methods should be used instead |
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Bottom up approach where did it originate? Typologies/data driven? Developed by Who? |
-Britain -Data Driven -More rigorous & more grounded in psychological therapy than top down |
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Investigative Psychology by David Canter |
-profiling can and should be based on psychological theory & research Three Main Features: -Interpersonal coherence -Time and place significance -Forensic awareness |
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Investigative Psychology: -Interpersonal Coherence -Time and place significance -Forensic awareness |
Interpers. coher: -behavi. is consistent across situati., everyday behavi. similar to way crime is committed affect way offenders behaves at crime scene e.g aggressive person = aggressive when committing crime Time and place signif.: -positioning & timing of crimes give clues to where offender lives & works e.g. Canter and Larkin (spatial mind-set) commit crimes with imagined circle Forensic awareness: e.g. cleaning crime scene probably have committed crime before May have already been intervie. by police about previo crimes ∴ may try to avoid detection e.g. Davies rapists conceal fingerprints often have previous convic. of burglary |
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Geographical Profiling what is it? what does it focuses ? Why does it make sense What is relevant data? |
-study of spatial behavi. in relation to crime and offenders -location of crime clues to where offender lives, works & socialises -more likely to commit a crime near where they live or where habitually travel to -crime scene/local crime stats/local transpo./geogr spread of simil crimes etc. |
