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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the significance of a motility test? |
It evaluates cranial nerve function |
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What are the categories of systemic disease? |
Congenital Vascular Neoplastic Autoimmune Idiopathic Infectious Metabolic/ endocrine |
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List some congenital conditions |
Down’s syndrome Marfan’s syndrome Myotonic dystrophy Tuberous sclerosis Neurofibromatosis |
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What are the ocular manifestations of down’s syndrome? |
Narrowed & up-slanted palpebral fissure Prominent epi-canthal folds Frequent lid infections Strabismus (20%) Nystagmus Light coloured and spotted iridis Keratoconus Congenital or early cataract Glaucoma (infantile) Myopia |
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What are the ocular manifestations of marfan’s syndrome? |
Lens subluxation Other lens anomalies; microspherophakia Axial myopia Angle anomaly Glaucoma; lens/ angle anomaly Retinal detachment; lattice degeneration |
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What is myotonic dystrophy? |
Muscle tone wasting away |
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What are the ocular manifestations of myotonic dystrophy? |
Ptosis Early onset Christmas tree cataracts Low IOP Pigmentary retinopathy |
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What is tuberous sclerosis? |
A disease which causes growth of multiple tumours |
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What are the ocular features of tuberous sclerosis? |
Hypo- pigmented lesions: iris, choroid Astrocytic harmatoma |
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What are the ocular manifestations of neurofibromatosis? |
Proptosis Iris nodules Glaucoma Fundus lesions |
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What are the ocular manifestations of hypertension? |
AV ratio; arteries narrow, veins dilate Tortuosity Nipping- vein becomes susceptible to compression Uneven arterial calibre Vascular leakage Retinal haemorrhages, oedema Exudates, cotton wool spots Vascular occlusion
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What are the ocular signs of malignant hypertension? |
ONH swelling Macular oedema |
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What are the ocular signs of malignant hypertension? |
ONH swelling Macular oedema |
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What are the symptoms of malignant hypertension? |
Blurred vision Severe H/A Nausea and numbness This is a medical emergency |
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What are the visual symptoms of a migraine? |
May precede h/a or occur in isolation Photosensitivity Scintillations, coloured pattern, zig-zags, often binocular temporal field Transient visual obscurantism Transient homonymous hemi-field loss Examine for visual loss; check VA’s, VF’s |
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What are the ocular manifestations of sickle cell anaemia? |
Non retinal; - Conjunctival vascular anomalies - Iris lesions Retinopathy; Arteriolar occlusion AV connections New vessels Vitreous haemorrhage Tractional RD |
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What are the ocular manifestations of hyperlipidaemia? |
Premature Arcus <40 y/o Xanthelasma |
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What are the ocular manifestations of hyperlipidaemia? |
Premature Arcus <40 y/o Xanthelasma |
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What is arcus? |
Bilateral lipid deposition in peri-limbal cornea 1mm wide circular band Descemet’s memb. -> anterior stroma |
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What is Xanthelasma? |
Yellow, elevated lipid deposits Medial aspects of lids |
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What is an auto immune disease? |
Incorrect & damaging response to self by own immune system |
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What is the most common ocular manifestation of connective tissue disease? |
Dry eye |
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What is the effect of connective tissue being treated with systemic corticosteroids? |
These may also affect ocular structures, e.g, PSC cataract, increase in IOP. |
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What is another name for dry eyes? |
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca |
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What are the symptoms of dry eye |
Burning, itching, gritty, foreign body sensation Photophobia Blurred vision Watery eye |
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What is the treatment of dry eye? |
Artificial tears, lubricating ointment, punctual occlusion Environmental modification Topical anti- inflammatory agents |
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What are the ocular symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis? |
Photophobia Pain Decrease in VA |
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What are the signs of ankylosing spondylitis? |
Circum-Corneal injection Aqueous cells and flare Keratic precipitates Iris nodules Hypopyon |
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What are the ocular associations to rheumatoid arthritis? |
Commonly associated with KCS Episcleritis Scleritis Peripheral ulcerative keratitis |
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What are the ocular manifestations of juvenile arthritis? |
Band keratopathy |
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What are the three lid signs of grave’s disease? |
Dalrymple sign Von Graefe’s sign Kocher’s sign |
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What are the three lid signs of grave’s disease? |
Dalrymple‘s sign Von Graefe’s sign Kocher’s sign |
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What are the ocular manifestations of proptosis (exophthalmos)? |
Resultant corneal exposure: Severe dry eye Keratopathy Corneal ulceration (extreme) |
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What are the ocular manifestations of multiple sclerosis? |
Optic neuritis Peri- ocular pain on eye movements Nystagmus Diplopia |
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What are the ocular examinations for multiple sclerosis? |
Colour vision & brightness perception defects Central field loss RAPD Retro-bulbar neuritis Optic papillitis |
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What are the symptoms of grave’s disease? |
Ocular irritation Retro-bulbar ache Diplopia Dry or watery eyes Mild photophobia Difficultly moving the eyes Reduced VA Changes in colour perception Field loss |
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What are the signs of Graves’ disease? |
Staring/ bulging eyes Red eyes (corneal exposure) Swelling of the upper and lower lids Exposure keratitis |
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What are the ocular features of myasthenia gravis? |
Ptosis Diplopia |
