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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Commonly occurs in young to middle aged men with type A personality; associated with stress, PG, steroid use, and HTN.
Unilateral sudden onset of blur. Signs: Hyperopic shift, loss of foveal light reflex, localized macular serous detachment |
Central Serous Detachment
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Choroiditis and the clinical triad of peripapillary atrophy, multifocal lesions in periphery and maculopathy, including CNV
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Histoplasmosis
Remember: choroiditis with no vitritis |
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Defined by refractive error in excess of -6.00 D with an axial length greater than 26mm
Signs: posterior staphyloma, lacquer cracks |
Pathological Myopia aka myopic degeneration
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Occurs in about 5% of high myopes. They appear as fine, yellow irregular lines that represent large breaks in Bruch's membrane-chorodial neovascularization can result and lead to severe vision loss
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Lacquer Cracks
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Mild - fine, glistening membrane (cellophane)
Advanced - thick, gray-white membrane (macular pucker) |
Epiretinal Membrane (ERM)
result from glial cell proliferation |
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3:1 women
Decreased VAs and or metamorphopsia. 20/200 acuity round, well delineated spot in macula |
Macular Hole
Stage 1: impending hole, loss of foveal depression with yellow spot or ring Stage 2: Round, small full-thickness hole with pseudo-operculum present Stage 3: Large, full thickness hole present with operculum. Positive Watzke-Allen sign now apparent Stage 4: Stage 3 plus PVD |
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Characterized by a complete break in the middle of a thin line of light projected within the macular area
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Watzke-Allen
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Night blindness (most common symptom) and peripheral vision loss
Classic triad of retinal bone-spicule pigmentation (pigment clumping in mid periphery), arteriolar attenuation, and waxy optic disc pallor |
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)
other signs include PSC, optic disc drusen, macular changes, keratoconus, myopia, and progressive contraction of the VF |
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Typically presents between age 6-20
Rapid vision loss, color vision abnormalities Early: decreased vision is often out of proportion with fundus appearance...as disease progresses will notice bilateral yellow flecks Late: classic "beaten-bronze" |
Stargardt's Disease
"Acanthamoeba of the retina" abnormal ERG in advanced stages |
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Night blindness, peripheral vision loss. Most pts have good vision until 50-60
Signs: progressive, bilateral diffuse atrophy of the RPE and choriocapillaris, allowing exposure of sclear |
Choroideremia
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Differential diagnoses for bull's eye maculopathy
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Stargardt's, progressive cone dystrophy, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine toxicity and thioridazine toxicity
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Majority of cases are asymptomatic
Signs: Characterized by bilateral, yellow, round, subfoveal (egg yolk) lesion. |
Best's Disease (Vitelliform dystrophy)
Best macular dystrophy to have....until you're 50 Stage 1: abnormal EOG |
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Nyctalopia (night blindness), decreased VAs, constricted VF
Signs: multiple, well defined, scalloped areas of peripheral chorioretinal atrophy |
Gyrate Atrophy
due to deficiency in the mitochondrial enzyme ornithine aminotransferase |
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Risk factors for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments (RRD)
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1. Previous ocular surgery
2. Posterior vitreous detachment 3. Trauma 4. Family hx 5. Myopia 6. Lattice degeneration |
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4-7% of general population, typically asymptomatic
Signs: Dome shaped bullous elevation most commonly located inferior/temporal. Unlike RD, the retina is immobile, bilateral findings are common and an absolute VF defect will correspond to area of elevation |
Age-Related Degenerative Retinoschisis
70% of pts are hyperopic "snowflake" or "frosting" splitting of OPL |
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Spoke like (around optic disc) linear, well demarcated red/orange or brown lines within the elastic core of Bruch's membrane
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Angiod Streaks
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PEPSI for Angiod Streaks stands for__________
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Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Paget's Disease Sickle Cell disease Idiopathic |
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The important risk factors for conversion of ocular hypertension into POAG include:
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IOP
Race Family Hx Age Thin cornea |
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Important signs for detection of POAG:
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Larger C/D, asymmetry of ON, focal vertical thinning or notching, nerve fiber bundle defects, increased cup depth, and vascular signs (baring, hemes)
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Most common initial field loss due to POAG
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Nasal step
Paracentral and arcuate defects are also relatively common |
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Vascular birthmarks that have a high association with ipsilateral GL (45% of cases)
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Port Wine Stains
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Name for increased pigmentation anterior to Schwalbe's line; it is associated with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pigment dispersion syndrome
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Sampaolesi's line
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Blurred vision and halos around lights after exercising or dilation. More common in myopes and males. Signs: transillumination defects, Krukenberg's spindle and trabecular hyperpigmentation
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Pigmentary Dispersion GL
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Name a sign in Normal tension GL that is more common than Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
hint: not IOP |
Splinter Hemorrhages
and females are at a higher risk |
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Two causes of primary angle-closure glaucoma are:
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Pupillary block and plateau iris syndrome
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Symptoms of Acute Angle Closure GL:
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vomiting, intense ocular pain, HAs, halos, nausea, and progressive vision loss
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Prominent signs of Acute Angle Closure GL:
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hazy cornea, mid dilated pupil, ciliary flush, glaucomflecken and an occluded angle on gonio
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What is the greatest threat to vision loss in Acute Angle Closure GL:
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CRAO
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What is the most important sign to recognize for prevention of neovascular GL?
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Rubeosis of the iris
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IOP is elevated, but angle is wide open
Common for a mild anterior chamber reaction to be present. Characterized by recurrent unilateral attacks that often burn-out over time |
Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis
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