Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
246 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
EOMs that have origins @ the CTR (common tendinous ring)
|
(all rectus muscles)
SR, IR, LR, MR |
|
|
|
EOM(s) w/ origin on greater wing of sphenoid
|
LR (also has origin on CTR)
|
|
|
|
EOM with origin on lesser wing of sphenoid bone?
|
IO
|
|
|
|
EOM whose origin in anterior to the globe
|
IO
|
|
|
|
Origin of inferior oblique
|
maxillary bone
|
|
|
|
Innervation of EOMs
|
LR6 SO4 all others 3
|
|
|
|
EOMs
|
SR IO
1 1 LR 1-----1 MR (nose) 1 1 IR 1 1 SO |
|
|
|
What passes through the foramin rotundum of the sphenoid bone?
|
V2 (maxillary division of trigeminal n.)
|
|
|
|
What passes thru the foramen ovale?
|
V3 and lesser superficial petrosal n.
|
|
|
|
what part of the sphenoid bone does the midle meningeal artery pass thru?
|
foramen spinosum
|
|
|
|
compression of the optic chiasm causes what type of field defect?
|
bitemporal hemianopsia
|
|
|
|
Which cranial n.(s) pass thru the SOF and the CTR
|
nasociliary n.
oculomotor n. abducens n. |
"NOA"
|
|
|
What passes thru the SOF and above the CTR
|
superior ophthalmic vein
frontal n. trochlear n. lacrimal n. |
|
|
|
What passes thru the SOF and below the CTR
|
inferior ophthalmic vein
|
only one item "passes below"
|
|
|
What passes thru the optic canal
|
optic n.
ophthalmic artery |
|
|
|
what passes thru the carotid canal?
|
ICA (internal carotid artery)
sympathetic plexus |
|
|
|
what passes thru the supraobital foramen
|
supraorbital nerve & vessels
|
n. & vessels
|
|
|
What passes thru the infraorbital forman?
|
infraorbital n. & vessels
|
n. & vessels
|
|
|
What passes thru the mandibular foramen?
|
inferior alveolar n. & vessel
|
|
|
|
Where is the stylomastoid foramen located?
|
ant. to the ear
|
|
|
|
Which foramen does the facial n. (CN7) pass thru?
|
stylomastoid foramen
|
|
|
|
What is the weakest portion of the orbit?
|
Floor
|
|
|
|
Which bones make up the floor of the orbit?
|
Maxillary bone
Zygomatic bone palatine bone |
"My pal gets Z's on the floor"
|
|
|
What is the thinnest portion of the orbit?
|
medial wall
|
|
|
|
What is the thickest portion of the orbit?
|
lateral wall
|
|
|
|
Which n. can be damaged by a fracture of the inferior orbital wall?
|
infraorbital n.
|
passes thru the infraorbital foramen
|
|
|
terminal branch of the external carotid artery
|
superficial temporal artery
|
|
|
|
What branch of the facial a. provides the blood supply for the medial canthus?
|
angular a.
|
|
|
|
What are the branches of the ECA?
|
lingual a.
facial a. maxillary a. superficial temporal a. |
|
|
|
Which a. supplies the orbicularis m.
|
zygomatic branch of the superficial temporal a.
|
|
|
|
3 branches of the aortic arch
|
left subclavian a.
left common carotid a. brachiocephalic a. |
|
|
|
Which arteries supply the optic disc?
|
SPCAs (Circle of Zinn)
CRA? |
|
|
|
First branch of the ICA
|
Ophthalmic a.
|
|
|
|
Course of the ICA?
|
transverses thru the sinus w/ CN6@ its side with CN2 lateral and CN3 medial.
|
|
|
|
What provides the blood supply for the outer retina?
|
choroid
|
|
|
|
What provides the blood supply for the inner retina?
|
CRA (central retinal artery)
|
|
|
|
Which arteries forms the Circle of Zinn?
|
SPCA
|
|
|
|
How many LPCAs are there?
|
2
|
|
|
|
Which artery supplies the ant. choroid?
|
LPCA
|
|
|
|
What type of capillaries are found in the major arterial circle of the iris?
|
fenestrated (leaky)
|
fenestrated or non-fenestrated
|
|
|
LPCAs provide blood for which 3 structures?
|
iris
CB ant. region of choroid |
|
|
|
what provides circulation to the optic disc?
|
Circle of Zinn
|
formed by SPCAs
|
|
|
Which vein drains the CRA
|
CRV (central retinal vein)
|
|
|
|
What do the anterior ciliary veins drain
|
iris
CB conj. canal of schlemm |
anterior structures
|
|
|
what drains the choroid
|
vortex veins
|
|
|
|
how many vortex veins are there
|
4
|
|
|
|
what do all of the orbital veins drain into
|
cavernous sinus
|
|
|
|
which veins drain into the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins before draining into the cavernous sinus?
|
anterior ciliary veins
vortex veins |
|
|
|
which vein does not drain into the inferior ophthalmic vein before draining into the cavernous sinus
|
central retinal vein
|
|
|
|
* Which Cranial nerves run through the cavernous sinus?
|
CN3,4,V1, V2 & 6
|
|
|
|
Which CN runs close to the internal catotid artery
|
CN6
|
|
|
|
which CN is most likely to be affected by an aneurysm of the ICA
|
CN6 (abducens n.)
|
|
|
|
Which cranial nerves have direct involvement w/ the eye?
|
CN 2-7
|
|
|
|
Where do CNs 3 & 4 start
|
midbrain
|
|
|
|
which CNs start @ the midbrain
|
CN 3 & 4
|
|
|
|
Which CN provides parasympathetic innervation to the CB and sphincter
|
CN 3
|
|
|
|
Which CNs start @ the pons
|
CN 5-7
|
|
|
|
Where do CNs 5-7 start
|
pons
|
|
|
|
Which CNs start @ the medulla
|
CN 8-12
|
|
|
|
Where do CNs 8-12 start
|
medulla
|
|
|
|
Optic nerve fibers can end up in which three final destinations
|
pretectal nucleus for pupillary innervation
LGN (relays to primary visual cortex V1) superior colliculus (for saccades) |
areas responsible for pupil response, saccades and primary visual cortex
|
|
|
What is the fxn of the pretectal nucleus
|
pupillary response
|
|
|
|
what is the fxn of the superior colliculus
|
saccades
|
|
|
|
Where in the midbrain does CN 3 begin
|
Edinger-Wesphal nucleus
|
|
|
|
Which CN closes the eye
|
3
|
|
|
|
which CN opens the eye
|
7
|
|
|
|
Which CN provides sensation to the eye
|
5
|
|
|
|
Which CN3 fibers are the only ones that decussate
|
superior rectus fibers
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 structures that make up the uvea?
|
iris
ciliary body choroid |
colored part of eye
produces aqueous provides blood supply for outer retina |
|
|
5 layers of the cornea ant. to post.:
|
epithelium
Bowman's layer stroma Descemet's membrane endothelium |
|
|
|
What is the process for replacement of the corneal epithelium
|
basal cells move up to become wing cells → wing cells become surf. cells
|
|
|
|
turnover time for the corneal epithelium
|
7 days
|
|
|
|
Which two layers of the cornea do not regenerate if injured?
|
Endothelium
Bowman's |
where guttata is present
bow's out if injured |
|
|
What is the thickest layer of the cornea
|
stroma
|
|
|
|
where in the cornea are GAGs located
|
stroma
|
|
|
|
are GAGs hydrophilic or hydrophobic
|
hydrophilic
|
|
|
|
The cornea scatters what % of light that enters it
|
< 1%
|
|
|
|
2 primary fxns of the cornea
|
refract light
transmit light |
|
|
|
refractive power of the cornea
|
~ 45 D
|
|
|
|
Hydration of the cornea
|
75-80%
|
|
|
|
From what structures does the cornea receive its nourishment?
|
aqueous humor (most of nutritional supply)
conjunctival and episcleral networks |
|
|
|
Where is the sclera the thickest
|
posterior pole (1mm)
|
|
|
|
Where is the sclera the thinnest?
|
rectus muscle insertion (0.3mm)
|
|
|
|
hydration of the sclera
|
68%
|
less than the cornea
|
|
|
What is the weakest area of the outer connective tissue tunic of the sclera?
|
lamina cribosa
|
canals through which the optic n. bundles pass
|
|
|
Vessels that provide nourishment for the mostly avascular sclera:
|
episcleral and choroidal vessels
LPCAs |
|
|
|
scleral innervation
|
short post. ciliary nerves
long post. ciliary nerves |
|
|
|
structures of the anterior angle post. to anterior:
|
iris
CBB SS TM Schwalbe's line |
"I Can See The Stupid Line"
think about gonio view |
|
|
Where do corneal stem cells come from
|
palisades of vogt
|
|
|
|
most common corneal change related to aging
|
arcus
|
cholesterol
|
|
|
are iris capillaries fenestrated or non-fenestrated?
|
non-fenestrated
|
|
|
|
Which system innervates the sphincter muscle?
|
parasympathetic
|
"SLUD"
|
|
|
contraction of the iris sphincter causes_____
|
miosis
|
|
|
|
contraction of the dilator muscle causes_____
|
mydriasis
|
|
|
|
Which system innervates the dilator muscle?
|
sympathetic
|
fight or flight
"need lots of light so you can see to get away" |
|
|
Where does the Ciliary body terminate?
|
ora serrata
|
|
|
|
2 parts of the ciliary body:
|
pars plicata
pars plana |
|
|
|
which portion of the ciliary body is fenestrated
|
pars plicata
|
portion that produces aqueous
|
|
|
Which portion of the CB contains tight junctions
|
pars plana
|
|
|
|
what forms the major arterial circle of the iris?
|
LPCAs
anterior ciliary arteries |
|
|
|
what nourishes the outer retinal layers?
|
choroid
|
|
|
|
what is the innermost layer of the choroid
|
Bruch's membrane
|
|
|
|
which portion of the epithelium actively secretes aqueous?
|
non-pigmented
|
|
|
|
protein content of the aqueous is higher or lower than that of the blood?
|
lower
|
|
|
|
what do the vortex veins drain
|
choroid
|
|
|
|
what is the embryonic origin of the retina
|
neural ectoderm
|
|
|
|
what are the first 3 cells in the visual pathway?
|
photoreceptor
bipolar ganglion |
|
|
|
which retinal cells modify signals
|
Hz cells
amacrine cells interplexiform neurons |
|
|
|
layers of the retina outer to inner
|
RPE
photoreceptor ELM ONL OPL INL IPL ganglion cell layer NFL ILM |
10
|
|
|
What attaches the posterior lens to the anterior vitreous?
|
hyaloid capuslar ligament
|
ligament
|
|
|
What is the largest circumference of the lens?
|
equator
|
|
|
|
approx. power of unaccommodated lens
|
20 D
|
|
|
|
what is the first lenlike structure observable in the embryo
|
lens vesicle
|
|
|
|
what is the thickest basement membrane in the body
|
lens capsule
|
|
|
|
T/F the lens does not have posterior epithelium
|
T
|
|
|
|
where in the lens does cell mitosis occur
|
germinal zone
|
|
|
|
most central portion of the lens
|
embryonic nucleus → fetal nucleus
|
|
|
|
Which portion of the lens has the highest index of refraction?
|
embryonic nucleus
|
|
|
|
Which y-suture in the lens is upright
|
anterior Y suture
|
|
|
|
Which y-suture in the lens is inverted?
|
posterior Y-suture
|
|
|
|
what does tertiary vitreous form?
|
lens zonules
|
|
|
|
What factors contribute to the tranparency of the lens?
|
. absencoe of blood vessels
. few organelles . orderly fiber arrangement . short dist. between components |
|
|
|
which type of metabolism is used in the lens
|
anaerobic glycolysis
|
|
|
|
what antioxidant in is found in high conc. in both the lens and aqueous
|
glutathione
|
|
|
|
what are 2 anti-oxidants found in high conc. in the aqueous
|
glutathione
ascorbic acid |
|
|
|
aqueous exits the anterior chamber through______
|
Schlemm's canal
trabecular meshwork |
|
|
|
two anatomic divisions of the trabecular meshwork
|
corneoscleral mesher
uveal meshwork |
|
|
|
What separates the canal of Schlemm from the TM
|
juxtacanalicular tissue
|
|
|
|
What % of aqueous goes thru the uveal meshwork
|
5-35%
|
|
|
|
majority of the aqueous drains through_____
|
Schlemm's canal
|
|
|
|
Where does the lens sit in the vitreous chamber?
|
patellar fossa
|
|
|
|
strongest vitreous attachment?
|
vitreous base (ora serrata)
|
|
|
|
attachments of vitreous weakest to strongest
|
retinal vessels
macula ON posterior lens ora serrata |
|
|
|
During embryonic development, what goes thru Cloquet's canal in the vitreous?
|
hyaloid arter
|
|
|
|
conc. of collagen in the vitreous lowest to highest
|
center of vitreous
anterior cortex posterior cortex vitreous base |
|
|
|
2nd major component of the vitreous
|
hyaluronic acid
|
|
|
|
photoreceptors are located in what layer(s) of the retina
|
photoreceptor layer
ONL |
|
|
|
What cells are located in the INL of the retina?
|
Hz
bipolar Muller Amacrine |
|
|
|
where are ganglion cells located
|
NFL
ganglion cell layer |
|
|
|
muscles in the forehead that produce facial expression:
|
frontalis
procerus corrugator superciliaris orbicularis oculi |
all innervated by CN 7
|
|
|
which facial m. is the m. of agression
|
procerus
|
|
|
|
4 major fxns of the eyelids:
|
protect the globe
move tears toward medial canthus spread tear film produce tears |
|
|
|
Where do upper and lower eyelids meet?
|
medial and lateral canthus
|
|
|
|
what are the two portions of th eyelid
|
tarsal portion
orbital portion (area of brow where you apply makeup) |
|
|
|
what separates the tarsal portion of the eyelid from the orbital portion
|
palpebral sulcus (ridge in the eyelid)
|
|
|
|
which nerve innervates the orbicularis oculi?
|
CN 7 (facial n.)
|
|
|
|
which portion of the orbicularis oculi gently closes the eyelids
|
palpebral portion
|
|
|
|
which portion of the orbicularis oculi tightly closes the eyelids
|
orbital portion
|
|
|
|
what is the action of the levator m.
|
open the eyelids
|
|
|
|
which n. innervates the levator muscle
|
superior division of CN 3
|
|
|
|
meibomian glands are what type of gland
|
sebaceous
|
|
|
|
Meibomian glands what part of the tear layer
|
outer lipid layer
|
|
|
|
which sebaceous glands support the eyelash hair follicles
|
glands of Zeis
|
|
|
|
which lacrimal glands are responsible for maintenance tearing
|
accessory (Wolfring & Krause)
|
|
|
|
lacrimal glands contribute to which portion of the tear film?
|
aqueous
|
|
|
|
Layers of the tear film ant. to post.
|
lipid (meibomian glands)
aqueous mucin (goblet cells) |
"LAME"
|
|
|
what produces the mucin layer of the tear film?
|
goblet cells
|
|
|
|
which muscle is deeper the levator m. or the orbicularis m.?
|
levator
|
|
|
|
paralysis of the orbicularis can cause what?
|
ectropion
|
can result in epiphora
|
|
|
which CN opens the eye?
|
3
|
|
|
|
which CN closes the eye?
|
7
|
|
|
|
which two muscles hold the eyelid open?
|
muscle of muller
levator m. |
|
|
|
infection of the Zeis and Moll glands typically results in ?
|
external hordeolum
|
|
|
|
what supplies the innervation for the muscle of muller
|
sympathetic
|
|
|
|
which nerve supplies the innervation for the upper eyelid?
|
V1 (ophthalmic division)
|
|
|
|
which nerve supplies the innervation for the lower eyelid?
|
V2 (maxillary division)
|
|
|
|
where does the blood supply for the eyelids come from?
|
branches of the ICA
(lateral and medial palpebral arterties) |
|
|
|
where does blood supply for the superficial eyelid come from?
|
branches of the ECA
|
|
|
|
* where do the lateral lymphatics of the conj. drain?
|
preauricular node
|
|
|
|
* where do the medial lymphatics of the conj. drain?
|
submandibular lymph nodes
|
|
|
|
where do the lymphatics of the conj. drain?
|
PAN
parotid nodes submandibular lymph nodes |
|
|
|
what is the fxn of the plica semilunaris?
|
provides slack in the conj. for lateral movt's
|
|
|
|
where does the blood supply for the bulbar conj. come from
|
anterior ciliary arteries
|
|
|
|
what innvervates the bulbar conj.?
|
long posterior ciliary n.
|
|
|
|
what innervates the palpebral conj.
|
V1
V2 |
|
|
|
what causes the division of the palpebral and orbitalportions of the lacrimal gland?
|
tendon of superior levator palpebrae muslce
|
|
|
|
what syndrome results in decreasd body secretionS?
|
Sjogren's syndrome
|
|
|
|
where does the nasolacrimal terminate?
|
inferior meatus of the nasal cavity
|
|
|
|
where is the cornea the thickest?
|
periphery
|
|
|
|
what is the thickness of the corneal epithelium?
|
52 um
|
|
|
|
thickness of Bowman's layer
|
8-14 um
|
|
|
|
thickness of the stroma
|
450 um
|
|
|
|
thickness of the endothelium
|
5 um
|
only one cell layer thick
|
|
|
what makes up the majority of GAG's in the corneal stroma?
|
keratin sulfate
|
|
|
|
which layers of the cornea do not contain innervation?
|
Descemet's
endothelium |
|
|
|
does corneal epithelim scar?
|
no
|
|
|
|
which veins drain schlemm's canal?
|
episcleral veins
|
|
|
|
which division of the TM provides the most resistance to aqueous outflow?
|
juxtacanlicular (JXT)
|
|
|
|
how will and increase in episcleral venous pressure affect IOP
|
IOP will increase because the TM pathway is pressure dependent
|
|
|
|
what affects iris color
|
numer of melanocytes in the anterior border layer of the stroma
|
|
|
|
what happens to the diameter and thickness of the lens during accommodation?
|
diam. decrease
thickness increase |
|
|
|
what is the innermost layer of the choroid?
|
bruch's membrane
|
|
|
|
place bruch's membrane, choroid, retina, RPE and sclera in order from ant. to post.
|
retina
RPE Bruch's choroid sclera |
|
|
|
what can cause angioid streaks in bruch's membrane
|
pseudoxanthoma elasticum
|
|
|
|
what is mittendorf's dot
|
dot on post.suf. of lens where hyaloid a. was attached
|
|
|
|
what is bergmeister's papillae
|
small dot on the optic disc what the hyaloid a. had been attached during embryonic development
|
|
|
|
what type of lens fibers are generated after the development of the embryonic nucleus
|
secondary lens fibers
|
|
|
|
where do retinal detachments occur?
|
between retina and RPE
|
|
|
|
which portion of the trigeminal nerve is the motor portion?
|
V3
|
|
|
|
which nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication?
|
V3
|
|
|
|
What are the branches of V1?
|
nasociliary n.
frontal n. lacrimal n. |
|
|
|
what does the long ciliary n. innervate?
|
cornea
iris ciliary m. |
|
|
|
long ciliary n. is a branch of which n.?
|
nasociliary n. of V1
|
|
|
|
which cranial n. is used for reflex tearing?
|
CN 7
|
|
|
|
which CN is used for reflex blinking?
|
5
|
|
|
|
what are the two terminal branches of the V2 (maxillary division of the trigeminal n.)?
|
infraorbital n.
zygomatic n. |
|
|
|
Bell's palsy has ipsilateral or contralateral effects?
|
ipsilteral
|
lower motor neuron lesion
|
|
|
does a stroke have ipsilateral or contralateral effects?
|
contralateral
|
upper motor neuron lesion
|
|
|
is bell's palsy or a stroke caused by a supranuclear lesion?
|
stroke
|
"S"upra nuclear
|
|
|
If the eye is down and out, which CN has been affected?
|
CN 3
|
|
|
|
if a pt. presents with an eye down and out w/ fixed pupils you should suspect?
|
post. communicating artery aneurysm
|
medical emergency
|
|
|
what are the common causes of CN 3 palsy w/ pupil sparing
|
HTN
diabetes |
|
|
|
what is the classic triad for Horner's syndrome
|
ptosis
miosis anhydrosis |
disruption of sympathetic pathway
|
|
|
where does the first synapse in the visual pathway occur
|
OPL
|
|
|
|
How do Hz cells modify the info. that reaches the bipolar cells
|
provide lateral inhibition
|
|
|
|
what effect does an amacrine cell have on a ganglion cell?
|
decrease stimulation to the ganglion cell
|
|
|
|
what effect does a bipolar cell have on a ganglion cell?
|
increase stimulation
|
|
|
|
where are midget ganglion cells found
|
fovea
|
carries info. from a single cone
|
|
|
where is the NFL the thinnest?
|
macula
|
|
|
|
where in the brain do midget cells terminate?
|
parvocellular layer of the LGN
|
|
|
|
Where in the retina are M-type ganglion cells located?
|
periphery
|
|
|
|
Where in the brain do M-type ganglion cells terminate?
|
magnocellular layer of the LGN
|
|
|
|
where in the retina are Muller cells not found?
|
photoreceptor layer
|
|
|
|
where in the retina does the central retinal artery form capillary networks?
|
INL and NFL
|
|
|
|
which portion of the retina receives its blood supply from the choroid
|
5 outer retinal layers
|
|
|
|
where does the cilioretinal artery come from?
|
choroid
|
only 15-20% of the pop.
|
|
|
what is the significance of the Cilioretinal artery if it is present?
|
macular sparing in the event of a CRAO (cetral retinal artery occlusion)
|
|
|
|
where does the macula receive its blood supply from?
|
SPCA
|
|
|
|
where is the highest conc. of cones in the retina located?
|
foveola
|
|
|
|
where in the macula are rods the most dense?
|
perifovea
|
|
|
|
when does the optic n. become myelinated
|
lamina cribosa
|
weakest part of the sclera
|
|
|
which cells provide the myelination for the optic nerve
|
oligodendrocytes
|
|
|
|
the LGN has how many layers?
|
*6
1-2 magnocellular 3-6 parvocellular |
|
|
|
which layers of the LGN are the magnocellular layers?
|
1-2
|
|
|
|
which layers of the LGN are the parvocellular layers?
|
3-6
|
|
|
|
which layers of the LGN receive input from the contralateral nasal retina
|
4 & 6
|
|
|
|
wich layers of the LGN receive input from the ipsilateral temporal retina
|
2,3 & 5
|
|
|
|
which part of the visual cortex receives input from the LGN
|
Broadman area 17 or V1
|
|
|
|
which layers of the LGN are the magnocellular layers?
|
1-2
|
|
|
|
which layers of the LGN are the parvocellular layers?
|
3-6
|
|
|
|
which layers of the LGN receive input from the contralateral nasal retina
|
4 & 6
|
|
|
|
wich layers of the LGN receive input from the ipsilateral temporal retina
|
2,3 & 5
|
|
|
|
which part of the visual cortex receives input from the LGN
|
Broadman area 17 or V1
|
|
|
|
where do superior retinal fibers terminate?
|
cuneus gyrus
|
|
|
|
where do inferior retinal fibers terminate
|
lingual gyrus
|
|
|
|
where does the main blood supply for the striate cortex come from
|
posterior cerebral artery
|
|
