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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(1) The first stage in adaptive immunity?
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T-cell activation by dendritic cells
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(2) Where is T-cell activation accomplished?
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Lyph nodes
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(3) Why are dendritic cells so much better at T-cell activation
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They can migrate
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(4) Where do dendritic cells migrate to for infection found in the blood?
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The Spleen
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(5) Where are gastriointestinal infections taken to?
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The peyer's patches
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(6) Immature Dendritic Cells?
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Dendritic cells found in tissue
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(7) Mature Dendritic Cells?
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Dendritic Cells found in the lymph nodes
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(8) Where in the lymph node are dendritic cells found?
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The T-cell regions of the cortex
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(9) Hwo to Dendritic cells take in bacteria and virus particles?
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receptor mediated pagocytosis
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(10) Macropinocytpsis?
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Phagocytosis of particles that are not reconized by pathogin reconition receptors
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(11) Cross presentation?
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When a dendritic cell is infected by viruse and oarticles are expressed on both MHC I and MHC II
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(12) The TLR that is not expressed on Dendritic Cells?
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TLR9
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(13) The effect of activation on dendritic cell presentation?
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It Increases the effectivness of phagocytosis and MHC loading
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(14) What is the use of CCR7?
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It binds to CCL21 and guids that cell to the lymph
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(15) The effect of DC activation on MHCs?
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Increases thier expression
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(16) What will a T-cell do if it does not encounter it's antigen in the lymoh?
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It will exite and either enter another lymph node or reenter circulation
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(17) How long does it take for T-cell activation in the lymph?
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several days
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(18) Homing?
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the specific entry of a cell into the lymph
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(19) CCL21 and CCL19 are secreted by?
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Lymph node tissue in order to set up a gradient to guide cell to it
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(20) LFA-1 Binds to?
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ICAMS
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(21) What happends to LFA receptor upon T-call activaiton?
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It binds ICAM more strongly so that it can hold on the the dendritic cell
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(22) Sphingosine 1 -phosphate? (SIP)
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A chemocine that directs cell back towords circulation
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(23) How to effecto T-cell find thier way back to circulation?
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They start to express (SIP) receptors
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(24) What is the co-stimulatory signal?
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binding of the APC's B7 to the T-cell's CD28
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(25) What are the 2 signals needed for Activation?
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MHC to CD 4 or 8 and B7 to CD28
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(26) How do cell avoid being activated when there is no infection?
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APC hide thier co-stimulatory signals
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(27) How are co-stimulatiory signals told to be expressed?
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By activation of a TLR or antigen reconition receptor
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(28) CTLA4?
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Bind B7 20x more effectily and shuts down the immune responce
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(29) Where are macrophages found in the lymph node?
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The Cortex and Medulla
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(30) Where are B-cells found in the Lymph node?
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The B-cell Follicles
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(31) CCL18?
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Specifically attracts maive T-cells towords them
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(32) Why would you want macrophages eating up antigen particles in the lymph?
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It prevents infection from reaching the circulatory system
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(33) 2 Things that macrophages do in the lymph tissue?
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1. trap and degrade pathogens that arrive in the lymph
2. remove and degrade lymphocytes that are not selected |
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(34) How do B-cells bind antegen?
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Though the use of thier immunoglobulin BCR
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(35) immunological synapse or t-cell synapse?
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The region of contact between a APC and a T-cell
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(36) CD3?
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Is the signal to the cell that antigen is bound
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(37) ITAMs?
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immunoreceptor tyosine-based activation motifs... They activate protien kinases and are found at the tail ends od CD3 molecules
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(38) How do t-cells signal they have bound antigen?
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Lck activates Zap70
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(39) How many MHCs must bind for activation?
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around 100 or .1-1%
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(40) c-SMAC
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central supramolecular activation comlex. where most of the stimulatory molecules are concentrated
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(31) CCL18?
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Specifically attracts maive T-cells towords them
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(32) Why would you want macrophages eating up antigen particles in the lymph?
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It prevents infection from reaching the circulatory system
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(33) 2 Things that macrophages do in the lymph tissue?
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1. trap and degrade pathogens that arrive in the lymph
2. remove and degrade lymphocytes that are not selected |
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(34) How do B-cells bind antegen?
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Though the use of thier immunoglobulin BCR
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(35) immunological synapse or t-cell synapse?
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The region of contact between a APC and a T-cell
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(36) CD3?
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Is the signal to the cell that antigen is bound
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(37) ITAMs?
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immunoreceptor tyosine-based activation motifs... They activate protien kinases and are found at the tail ends od CD3 molecules
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(38) How do t-cells signal they have bound antigen?
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Lck activates Zap70
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(39) How many MHCs must bind for activation?
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around 100 or .1-1%
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(40) c-SMAC
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central supramolecular activation comlex. where most of the stimulatory molecules are concentrated
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(41) What happends when a cell does not receive the secondary signal?
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It becomes anergic
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(42) Anergy?
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Unresponsive and unable to be activated
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(43) 2 types of CD4?
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TH1 and TH2
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(44) What are the main kinds of cytokines produced by TH1s?
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IL-2 and INF gamma
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(45) The main kinds to cytokines produced by TH2?
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IL-4 and IL-5
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(46) What determins which type of CD4 is created?
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The cytokines in the envirnment at the time
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(48) What stimulates TH1 development?
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IL-12 and INF gamma
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(47) How is the develpment of CD4s reinforced?
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By cytokines produced by themelves
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(49) T-bet?
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A transcription factor turned on in CD4 cells to stimulate INF production
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(50) GATA-3?
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A trascription factor in CD4 cells that stimulates to production of IL-4 and IL-5
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(51) Cell-mediated immunity is activated by which TH class?
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TH1
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(52) Humoral Immunity is activated by which TH class?
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TH2
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(53) The co-stimulatory to activate a CD8 cell must be stronger or weaker than the signal for a CD4?
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Stronger
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(54) 2 Ways that a CD4 cell can help activate a CD8?
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1. An effector CD4 can release cytokines that induce expression of MORE co-stimulatory molecules from the dendritic cell
2. A neive CD4 can induce the APC to secrete more IL-2 |
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(55) How is CD2 and LFA-1 expression different in effector cells?
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Thier expression goes up in order to migrate better to the sight of infection.
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(56) Cytotoxin?
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Used to kill infected cells
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(57) Which cell signalling pathway is used most often in Cytokine expression?
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JAK STAT
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(58) When do CD8 cells start to produce granules?
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After activation
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(59) Describe how a CD8 kills cells?
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serglycin, perforin and granulysin make a pore and then granzymes are inserted to induce apoptosis
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(60) 2 ways CD8 cell induce apoptosis?
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1. granzymes
2. Fas/Fas ligand binding. |
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(61) Conjugate pair?
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When a macrophage and Th1 cell are bound together during activation
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(62) 2 signals for Macrophage activation?
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1. INF gamma
2. CD40 - CD40L |
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(63) How can TH2 cells limit the effect of TH1 cells?
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They secrete cytokines that suppress macrophages
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(64) 2nd signal for B cell activation?
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CD 40
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(65) cognate interaction?
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When a B cell and a T cell that reconize the same antigen are bound
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(66) 2 ways the Tregs supress the immune system?
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1. Bind to Dendritic cells
2. Bind to T effector cells |
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(67) With most of the bad protozoa being outside the uniters states... why study them?
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People travel
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(68) 3 major groups of medically important protozoans?
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1. Amoeba
2. Apicomplexan 3. Kinetoplastids |
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(69) 2 main groups of parasites?
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1. Protozoans
2. Helminths |
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(70) Are protozoans unicellular or multicellular?
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Unicellular and microscopic
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(71) What kind of immune response handles protozoans?
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Mostly Th1
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(75) Are Protozoans mostly intracellular ot extracellular?
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Both
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(72) Are Helminths unicellular or multicellular?
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Multicellular
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(73) What kind of immune responce handles Helminths?
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Th2
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(74) Are Helminths intracellular or extracellular?
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Mostly extracellular
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(76) 3 major classes of Helminths?
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1. Cestodes (tapeworms)
2. Trematodes (flukes) 3. Nematodes |
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(77) What is the key to diagnosis a paracite infection?
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History
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(78) Mycology?
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Study of Fungi
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(79) Are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
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eukariotic
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(80) Mycoses?
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Fungal Infection
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(81) The 2 Mycoses with the highest inccidence?
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1. Candidiases
2. dermatophyosis |
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(82) 5 mycoses classifications?
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1. superficial
2. cutaneous 3. subcutaneous 4. systemic 5. opportunistic |
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(83) Why are mycoses difficult to treat?
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They are eukaryotes
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(84) fungi grow in 2 forms?
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yeasts and molds
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(85) Hyphae?
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branching cylindric tubules on which colonies are formed
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(86) mycelium?
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The intertwined mass that is formed by hyphae
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(87) septa?
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When hypae are separated into cells by cross-walls
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(88) Are yeast single celled or multi celled?
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single celled
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(89) How do yeast reproduce?
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budding
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(90) pseudohyphae
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a chain of elongated yeast cells
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What is a fugal cell wall made of?
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Cellulose and chitin
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The main sterol difference in fungi
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aldosterol
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How do fungi sexualy reproduce?
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2 haploid cells fuse and then they go thuogh meiosis
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teleomorph?
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sexual spores
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anamorph?
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asexual spores
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Aseptate?
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no cell walls between cell nuclei
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5 diagnostic characteristics used to identify fungi
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1. typr of hypea
2. asexual conidia 3. conidia-bearing sttructure 4. pigmintation 5. monomorphic or dimorphic |
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Monomorphic?
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It growes in only one phase yeast or mold in all tempuratures
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Dimorphic?
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When fungi will change thier for when placed in different mediums
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Chlamydoconidia?
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very think walled rounded and more resistant.
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Arthroconidia?
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thikened cell wall that retains it's retangular cell shape
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blastoconidia?
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budding
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sporangiconidia?
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a big round ball that contains sporangiospors
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Mycotoxicoses?
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When we react to fungul toxins but not the fungus
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The "gold standard" antimycotic drug?
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Amphotericin B
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The primary way to diagnos paracites?
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Microscopy
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The biggest clue to a helmith infection?
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eosinophilia
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ascariasis?
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and egg laying machine, roundworm
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another name for B7?
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CD80
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superantigen?
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an antigen that provides bother stimulatory signals and drives t-cell expansion
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alpha IL-2 recepor chain?
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Is added to the IL-2 receptor when a cell is activated to make it better.
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PD-1?
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binds to PD-L1 and suts down the immune respons like CTLA-4
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TH17 cells?
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If a CD4 cell is exposed to TGF or IL6 they become Th17 secret IL-6 and IL17 and help to recruit neutrophiles, maily inflamatory
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IL-4 does
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induced b cell to class switch
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IL-5?
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activates eosinophiles
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IL-15 and Il-7
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survival cytokines for memory cells
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Which cells are important for establishing memory cells?
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CD4
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2 types of memory cells?
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effector memory cells and central memory cells.
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