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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Identify 3 components of BAHL |
Physical well-being Sufficient sleep A balanced diet Not smoking or taking (illegal) drugs Moderation in alcohol consumption Mental well-being ‘Free’ time, work-life balance, hobbies Emotional wellbeing |
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Why is physical activity valuable? |
Physical benefits – fitness, healthy body weight, Inactivityis dangerous to health e.g. PA protects against CHD or osteoporosis
Personal benefits or development – enjoyment, esteem
Social benefits – friendships, teamwork, e.g. by joiningclubs, Lessanti-social behaviour in society
Emotional benefits, mental wellbeing - stress relief
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Why is physical activity necessary? |
Widespread obesity or CHD - due to widespread junk or fastfood consumption e.g. McDonald’s
Stressful lives e.g. due to recession or unemployment
The desire for Balanced Active Healthy Lifestyles – (BAHLs)
Better quality of life
More sedentary lifestyles - 7/10 people have sedentarylifestyle, many people do less than 1x30 mins physical activity per week |
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What are the physical activity recommendations for young people and adults? |
Adults 30 mins 5 times a week
Moderate sub max or aerobic level witha recovery within 10 mins of stopping e.g. jogging orcycling
For children or young people 60 minutes a day or 5 or 6 or 7 x 60 mins per week
Forchildren twice a week higher impact activities e.g.skipping or jumping |
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Give four reasons for increasingly sedentary lifestyles in the UK |
more office jobs
exercise now a choice not necessity
longer hours at work work increasingly demanding e.g. scared of losing jobs
labour saving gadgets e.g. sit-on mowers or TV channel controls
widespread car use e.g. children driven to school
technology, computer use, shopping on-line, computer games
parents don't exercise so there is limited role modelling
children don’t play outside e.g. parents fear of allowing children to play out
More TV channels with people watching sport on TV rather than participating |
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Explain four barriers to participation for young people |
Being in a minority group - discrimination e.g. women, disabled, ethnic minority, Religious (Asianwomen and swimming restrictions e.g. appropriate clothing)
Opportunity – (limited or no) Don’t like exercise or choose not to - negative attitude to PA or to exercise or don’t enjoy it
Don’t like getting hot and sweaty
They do other things e.g. socialise, play computer games
No time, other commitments e.g. studying or part time job
Lack of role models - friends or family don’t participate, peer pressure not to participate, ‘no-one to go with’.
Bad school experience - limited range of activities offered atschool
Not enough money - too expensive, e.g. for memberships or kit
Poor health or injury e.g. asthma Too tired or can’t be bothered
Risk Of being out at night or parents stop you going out at night due to danger or risk of injury
Provision – (limited or no) Lack of equipment or suitable facilities - live in a rural e.g. no swimming pool nearby
No transport (no buses or trains etc.) can’t get there or distance from facilities or parents can’t take
Unfavourable Weather or climate - too cold or wet e.g. for activities outside
Esteem – (limited or no) Lackof confidence, self-conscious, ‘no good at it’, ‘everyone else better than me’,poor body image |
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Describe factors that affect participation for those with a disability |
level of ability or disability - what you are they able to do
Discrimination or unfair treatment
self-confidence or self-esteem– embarrassment, ‘social stigma’
Presence of absence of specialist or adapted facilities orequipment e.g. wheelchair access orramps
presence of absence of specialist or suitably qualified coaches
presence of absence of specialist teams or competitions e.g.limited choices of activities available
whether or not you can drive or have a car or can get to venue
limited coverage or advertising - people don’t know what is available,few role models, however positive impact of Paralympic Games - re exposure ofrole models
whether school has an inclusion policy e.g. friends don’t, so you don’t
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Define physical endeavour and physical prowess |
Physical prowess – skill, expertise
Physical endeavour – Effort, trying hard |
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What is a perceived risk?
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Imagined risk, no real danger
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Give five characteristics of physical recreation. |
Available to all
Time flexible, no set time - you decide when to do it
Location or distance is not fixed - not (necessarily) specialist facilities
Limited or low organisation - rules few, usually no officials e.g. cycle with who you want Can have limited orlow level of competition
Can have limited or low levels of skill or fitness -don’t need to be good
Serious training or coaching or commitment is not required
Not usually covered by media, few or no spectators, limited sponsorship or funding
Amateurs - not paid, as a hobby,taking part more important than winning equipment can be inexpensive |
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What is Physical Education? |
teaching or learning about skills orsports or benefits |
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Give 5 benefits of physical education. |
Improved health - learn about healthy balanced lifestyles, reduced obesity or CHD
Improved fitness - learnsport skills
Learning about the body or nutrition or rules or tactics or benefits of exercise - gain qualifications e.g. GCSE or A Level PE
Preparation for leisure or sport – can encourage lifelong involvement participation, could encourage people to join a club
Preparation for career e.g. become PE teacher or professional performer or coach
Can gain skills – leadership, confidence, or problem solving.
Learn sportsmanship, fair play, respect for others
Qualitative benefits - improved quality of life, chance to be creative,aesthetic appreciation |
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Give 5 characteristics of sport. |
Selective or elite
Has strict timings
Takes places in a set space with specialised facilities e.g.arena, specialist track, velodrome
It has rules is organised with officials and set teams
It is competitive with competitions
It is usually skilful and requires a high level of fitness
Training or coaching is required
There is media interest, spectators, sponsorship and funding
Some are professional so receive a wage
Winning or outcome is more important than participation – Lombardian ethic
Expensive Equipment with specialist clothing e.g. LZR swim skins
Sport science support e.g. physio, biomechanist
Chance to gain prizes, medals, fame or status |
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Give 3 characteristics of Outdoor Recreation |
For enjoyment or fun
In own time - participant chooses, leisure time or hobby
Organised or lead by self or non-specialists
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Give 3 characteristics of Outdoor Education |
For learning
In school or college time, extracurricular
Organised or lead by school or OEd centre or specialists
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Give 4 reasons for limited participation in Outdoor Education |
Lack of staff expertise of qualifications
Cost of or lack of transport
Insufficient funding to employ specialiststaff
Lack of funding for: using artificial facilities or specialist equipment Teachers reluctant to take on responsibility e.g. media highlightingtragedies
Distance from facilities e.g. schools in cities so difficult to get tonatural environment Not enough time - pressure on curriculum
Not compulsory part of NC - not seen as important by some teachers orHead Teachers
Staff put off by paperwork or risk assessment procedures |
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Give 4 benefits of outdoor education |
Physical benefits or skills – e.g. learning camp craft or first aid or map reading, learning survival techniques.
Personal benefits or skills – develop confidence ordiscipline. They can learn about themselves, overcome fears, and challenge themselves. They can gain leadership or thinking skills or problem solving.
Social benefits or skills – socialisation, teamwork,communication and trust.
Preparation for career.They can gain awards or qualifications e.g. D of E
Learn respect for outdoors. Learn about nature or natural environment or conservation |
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Give an example of a surviving ethnic pastime and give 4 reasons for their continued existence. |
Cheeserolling, shrovestide – mob football, highland games
They are unique to an area, increasing local pride
They take place annually and so peoplemake a point of going
They are occasional and so interest is maintained
They are festival occasions, they bringpeople together
Traditional and is part of their heritage
Location in rural areas and so cultural identity is maintained
Religious beliefs which require participation
They attract tourism or visitors, bringingmoney or media interest.
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FLORISTT |
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How did nineteenth century public schools promote and organise games. |
high levels of funding available specialist facilities
Professional Coaches or assistant masters coaching
support of teachers or head teachers
belief that sports and games were valuable for developing character
time for practice - games or sports afternoons
'house system - inter-house games
rules to games
role models who inspired younger boys
inter-school matches or annual sports days
ex pupils who:promoted games at university, spread games throughout Empire, founded NGBs
ex pupils who became: teachers, politicians, army officers, vicars or powerful community members |
T REx IF RICH |
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Describe the traditional amateur approach to sport in the UK (Give 3) |
taking part for enjoyment ‘for the love of the game’
no training or coaching
Organisation Unreliable. NGBs administered by part time or inexperienced enthusiasts
linked to: C19th public schools ‘gentlemen’ (amateurs)
linked to how life should be lived (as well as how sport should be played) |
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Why is the amateur approach being replaced by a more professional approach (Give 3) |
because a more reliable or effective system was needed
increased win ethic or Lombardian ethic
to be a realistic contender on world stage
impactor influence of sponsors or media or golden triangle, sport now ‘big business’ to increase participation |
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Describe the background of sport in the USA. |
Young or powerful country
native Indians as indigenous population
Relatively large population, approx. 300million, including 50 states – large pool for talent ID.
sports adopted, adapted (American football adapted from rugby)
Sports invented (basketball and ice hockey) – new sports for a new society
British sports marginalised due to isolation policy
The big four’ sports dominate e.g. American football, baseball, icehockey and basketball
Sports reflect frontier spirit – they are tough and need courage.
Lombardian ethic - win at all costs - ‘winning isn’t the most important thing, it’s the only thing’
Evidence of deviance of match fixing due toimportance of winning.
Sport is a vehicle for achieving American Dream or going from ‘Rags to Riches’ - individuals can become wealthy or celebrity status through sport
Land of opportunity, land of the free
Mixture of different cultures and religions –US is democratic |
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Explain capitalism and commercialism of sport in the USA |
Sport part of golden triangle – it is linked with sponsorship and media (media influences rules or timings)
Sport reflects capitalism, it has high levels of advertising and Sponsorship.
Performers as billboards
TV rights
Advertising breaks
Teams run as franchises or for private enterprise (profit)
Professional sport dominates and has very high status |
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Explain the economic system that influences sport in the USA |
Win (at allcosts) ethic or Lombardian ethic dominates – games are high scoring
Sport is a media product - media controls aspects
Evidence of deviance in sport - drug taking ormatch fixing
Sport allows individuals to achieve the American Dream or to go from ‘rags to riches’
Sport is about making profit, it is ‘big business’
Sport has high levels of sponsorship and advertising (cost of advertising during Super Bowl)
Teams are privately owned, teams or players arebought and sold, teams as franchises |
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Give the origins of American Football |
Adapted from rugby
Originally called ‘grid iron’
Developed in ‘Ivy League’ universities
It reflected ‘frontier spirit’
It was dangerous with some deaths, banned by some unis due to danger
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Give the reasons for violence in American football |
Frontier spirit, reflects life of early settlers
Rules allow or encourage violence. It is a contact sport
Crowd wants violence or the importance of winning
Protective clothing de-humanises opponents
Pseudo military language (e.g. platoons, 'bomb,' sack opposition)
Specialists within team (e.g. specialist defensive team players such as line backers of defensive tacklers)
Game traditionally violent, some deaths in early days, in early days president intervened to clean up game
Frustration with officials or opponents, provocation or abuse, lack of punishment or deterrent |
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Give 3 factors that make American football a contemporary success |
It is attractive to spectators and so attractive to sponsors or TV
It is part of the ‘golden triangle’
Large payment from TV Rights
Commercial breaks ‘part of game’ so game designed for TV
Teams run as franchises, teams ‘bought and sold’
Super Bowl has huge commercial opportunities,Super Bowl has worldwide coverage.
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Why does sport have such high status in Australia? |
Background
Australia adopted British sports and keen to beat England in contemporary sport - ‘PommieBashing’
Plenty of space. E.g. genuine wilderness, outback, Beaches, mountains and desert
Climate favourable - Better weather than UK - it rains less than in UK, Outdoor sport all year round - few cancellations of sporting fixtures due to poor weather.
Political,Economical
Government Funding for sport - government uses their support as vote catcher
Comparatively Healthy economy - Australians happy to spend on sport - Sport boosts economy
Sport gives identity or ‘image’ to Australia
Sporting success gains Australia international recognition -‘shop window’ effect E.g. Sydney Olympics, left country with legacy
Social
Australia now a multi-cultural society E.g. commitment to disability sport. But- discrimination towards aboriginal or indigenous people
Australia a health conscious society, contemporary obesity problem
Sport and physical activity fashionable, ’cool’ to be active or sporty
Sport frontpage news every day, School, Uni sport on TV in some states - Large % of TVtime devoted to sport
Success of national teams E.g. Netball world champions (2007), RugbyUnion (‘91 & ‘99 World Cup winners)
Role Models - Recognition of sporting stars or heroes E.g. ShaneWarne, Kathy Freeman, Adam Scott
AIS (AustralianInstitute of Sport) - World class provision for elite performers
Schools - high status of school sport - Initiatives in Australianschools E.g. SEPEP, fundamental motor skills |
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What are the origins of Aussie Rules? |
It was invented in the late 1850s, in Melbourne, in Victoria
It was invented by Tom Wills as winter training game for cricketers
Probably the combination of aboriginal (leaping) game and Rugby (union)
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Give 5 factors that have made Aussie rules a contemporary success. |
It is a successful media product, it generates media interest
Impact of commercialism, links with ‘golden triangle
Taught and played in schools with interschool games
There are effective pathway programmes, a structured route from school to elite level
Game appeals to all, played by men and women and by all bodytypes
Australia keen to have ‘own’ game so have national competitions(at elite levels
Some players have changed from other games (e.g. from Rugby union to Aussie Rules)
Opportunities for players to gain financial rewards or celebrity status
Availability of space, access to cricket pitches in winter and a favourable climate |
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What are the 3 sources for funding of sport in the UK? |
Public funding from... government, exchequer, local authority or taxes
Lottery
UK Sport or Sport England distribute lottery funding
NGBs provide funding received from HCCs
Private funding e.g. sponsorship from companies or TV rights
Prize or appearance money from advertisers or advertising or ticket sales
Voluntary funding e.g. from donations or scholarships or bursaries, Sports Aid grants. |
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Describe the foundation, participation and performance stage on the performance pyramid. |
Foundation: School children, learning basic skills, mass participation.
Participation: School Or club or team involvement, extra-curricular.
Performance: District Or county or regional or 'academy' involvement, emphasis on competition orwinning, competitions, regular training and coaching. |
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How can esteem affect position on the pyramid? |
High esteem is likely to encourage participation
high esteem likely to result in higher placement on pyramid
high esteem needed to reach higher levels on pyramid
low esteem likely to limit or restrict participation
low esteem likely to result in lower placement on pyramid
low esteem means you won’t reach higher levels
levels of esteem can be affected by stereotyping or discrimination
discrimination experienced by young or ethnic minorities can affect esteem |
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How does UK sport promote excellence? |
Distributes national lottery funding
Invests in World Class Programme
Promotes ethical behaviour - runs anti-doping programme e.g 100%ME
Bids for or attracts major sporting events e.g. Olympics 2012 – getting London 2012
Does research into training
Works with or supports NGBs
Supports elite performers in higher education.
Helping increase efficiency of administration of sport
Performance Lifestyle Advice (PLA), helping performers develop an appropriate lifestyle |
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How do national institutions (EIS) promote excellence? |
E.g. Bisham Abbey, Loughborough Uni, sheffield eis.
Scientific support e.g. nutrition, physiotherapy, strength & conditioning
high quality coaching or facilities
Performance lifestyle advice (PLA) or career advice.
Performance analysis |
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How do NGB's promote excellence? |
talent ID
work of performance directors
building national facility
whole sport plans
does research into training |
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Give 5 roles of Sport England |
They work to increase participation by promoting community sport
Do campaigns such as ‘This girlcan’.
Supports government targets e.g. supports PESSCL strategy.
Distributes lottery,investing in community sport.
Promotes volunteering, coaching, and officiating to get people involved.
Targets priority groups e.g. disabled or elderly
Works with other organisations e.g. NGBs, UK Sport)
Responsible for funding elite performers in some sports (e.g. netball)
Provides information e.g. on coaching, facilities, sports development
Protects Community playing fields |
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Give 5 roles of the BOA |
Promotes Olympic Games
Involved with organising London 2012
Works on Olympic bids
Works with official sponsors for 2012 Games
Helps select Team GB and provides workshops or training for Team GB(e.g. on motivation)
Provide pre-Games training camps
Works With IOC or UK Sport |
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Give 3 roles of the IOC |
Owns rights to Olympic Rings
Works with host country with commercial deals
Chooses host city
Selects Olympic sports |
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Give 4 reasons why sports performers use drugs |
To improve performance: To get to ‘the top’
Desire to win - 'win at all costs' orLombardian attitude:
Fear of losing, For fame or money
Physiological or physical reasons: To train harder, to build muscle e.g.anabolic steroids, HGH, Rh EPO or diuretics, To mask orovercome injury - ‘race’ between drug users and anti-doping agencies
Psychological or mental reasons: The importance of mind readiness’. e.g. Betablockers to steady nerves
Pressure:From coach
Other Reasons: Due to belief that others are taking drugs (Lance Armstrong)
Poor role modelling
Think will get away with it
Perceived Weaknesses in testing procedures
Lack of educationabout dangers e.g. coughmedicine or nasal spray |
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Give 5 consequences of taking drugs |
Enhanced Performance – so can gain medals or prizes
Chance to gain fame or fortune e.g. performerwho have become rich famous as a result of drug taking.
Can get bans, disqualified,fined or stripped of medals (Dwain Chambers).
Loss ofsponsorship (Floyd Landis)
Poor role modelling, e.g. performer whohas (allegedly) been ‘busted’
Physiological Damage - danger to body or health e.g. liverdisorders, heart disease
Lower life expectancy or death e.g.Florence Griffith-Joyner (Flo-Jo) WR for 100m and 200m (set 1988).
Psychological Damage - damage to mind e.g. moodswings, increased aggression (roid rage).
Cheating, unfair advantage so the laws or ethics of sport broken
Some drugs against law of land e.g. cocaine(Adrian Mutu)
False or meaningless results
bad name or publicity for sport or performers, sport ruined, interest in sport lowered e.g. China’s swim team of 1990s
Other athletes ‘forced’ to take drugs
Only way to ‘stay good enough’ e.g. where drugtaking considered to be common (Tour de France, 1990’s)
False accusations of clean athletes - ruined careers of wrongly accused athletes e.g.Diane Modahl or Greg Rusedski |
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Give 3 solutions to the problem of drugs in sport. |
Stricter Punishments or bans e.g. Olympicor life bans, return of medals
Role models to encourage drugs free sport
More research into dangers e.g. into possibledangers of gene doping
Legalise Performance enhancing drugs - have two competitions (drugs Olympics andnon-drugs Olympics)
Testing: Stricter or out of season
More money orresearch into testing
Work of Worldanti-doping agency (WADA) e.g. standardisedoping policy
BUT – problems for athletes when they must be constantly available
Educate: Performers into dangers e.g. role models
At schools or clubs |
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Describe sportsmanship |
fair play
playing to the written and unwritten rules
gentlemanly behaviour or conduct
showing respect for others or to opponent
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Describe Gamesmanship |
Bending rules to gain unfair advantage
Is less serious or more acceptable than deviance
Is increasingly coached
Is something such as time wasting or sledging
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Describe Deviance |
Breaking the rules or cheating
Requires stricter punishment than gamesmanship
Is usually not coached
Is more likely in higher level sport
Is something such as drug taking or match fixing or deliberate dangerous fouls |
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Give 4 advantages of modern tech in sport |
Fairer Outcome, fewer disputes, clarification of goals or tries or whether ball in or out. video playback - third or TV umpire
Entertainment Hawk –Eye entertainment or interest for crowds
Safety Gum shields, Cricket head gear
Comfort Clothing, equipment design such as footwear
Improved Performance, skill or fitness Modern footballs allow better swing or curve Streamlined cycling helmets or bikes
Better Understanding of rules refs being ‘miked up’ for all to hear
Analysis use of video or other playback equipment
To Enhance training: tyre towing, elastic cord, diet, supplements
To Aid recovery, recover from injury Compression wear, Ice baths
Inclusion Or participation carbon fibre blades wheelchairs
Purity Of sport enhanced use of drug testing equipment or methods |
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Give 4 disadvantages of modern tech in sport |
Cheating e.g. drugs in sport
Disruption to ‘game’ e.g.time taken for video playback
Injury e.g. from bladed boots, 3G pitch?
Violence e.g. rugby shoulder pads which may make some players feel invincible
Unfair advantage, expensive, e.g. Djokovic uses an environmental chamber.
Technology not equally available e.g. high tech bikes
Loss of traditional ethic, win at all costs rather than participation for enjoyment e.g. use of high tech equipment at junior level |
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What is the golden triangle? |
Sport, sponsorship & media form the ‘golden triangle’.
The UK has ’adopted’ golden triangle from USA. The triangle reflects capitalism and is about making profit.
More media coverage = more sponsorship e.g. England netball for whom TV coverage has increased sponsorship
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Give 2 disadvantages of the golden triangle. |
Deviance for sport, due to increased pressure to win(Lombardianism) e.g. matchfixing allegations in cricket (England v Pakistan at Lords 2010)
Certain sports dominate, low profile get no media attention so get little sponsorship e.g. volleyball.
Exploitation - fame ‘too much’ for some performers committed to demands of sponsors |
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Give 5 positive impacts of the media on sport |
The media can inspire ‘feel good factor’ or nation building e.g. London 2012 coverage
The media promotes minority sports e.g. handball or beach volleyball
Positive role models created e.g.copying sportsmanship
Wealth achieved, with opportunities both on and off ‘field of play’. E.g. appearances on TV quiz shows.
Media careers as broadcasters e.g.Clare Balding, Gary Neville, and Jamie Redknapp.
Media brings money to sport. It attracts sponsorship e.g. money to LTA from BBC forWimbledon coverage.
Money can be used to increase participation
Media makes sport more entertaining e.g. half time at Super Bowl or Hawk-Eye.
Media makes sport fairer via video playback / TMO / goal line technology
Media influences changes some aspects of sport in positive way, to speed up action. e.g. rules or scheduling or timings or structure or Twenty20
Impact of Sky e.g. 24hr coverage, huge variety of sports
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Give 5 negative impacts of the media on sport |
Some would argue there’s too much sport on TV. Thisleads to increased likelihood of corruption e.g. match fixing or Lance Armstrong
Too much pressure on performers
Too much wealth when too young e.g. Footballers – Ballotelli.
Copying bad behaviour of negative role models e.g. bad language or lifestyle choices
Coverage poorly managed - disproportionately in favour of one sport e.g.football vs netball.
Comments out of context, prejudices encouraged e.g. England v Germany football
Media intrusion e.g. requirement to give press interviews immediately after a match
Loss of privacy
Performers required to perform more than is safe e.g. too soon after surgery
Focus on trivial, sensational or negative aspects
Pay per view means not everyone can see all events e.g. BT sport.
Media influences some aspects of sport in negative way e.g. rules or scheduling
Events scheduled at bad times for athletes e.g. marathons in heat of day
Minority sports still get limited coverage
Intrusive lights or cameras for TMOs may put performers off or disrupt game
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Give 4 positive impacts of the media on BAHL |
Documentaries can lead to increased participation
This results in a lower cost on NHS
Improved health e.g. Change4Lifeor Embarrassing Bodies
Raise awareness of the dangers of smoking
Adverts shown for exercise DVDs e.g.Davina McCall
Improved diet or body weight e.g.Weight Watchers
Role Models who are or ‘get healthy’ or ‘lose weight ‘ e.g. Gregg Wallace (Masterchef)
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Give 4 negative impacts of the media on BAHL |
People watch rather than take part, resulting in reduced participation.More ‘armchair spectators’
This means they are less healthy, potentially more disease
Increased costs to NHS e.g. CHD or obesity
Negative influence of advertising e.g. junk food, CocaCola, Macdonald’s in Olympic Park
Negative behaviour in films e.g.drug taking or alcohol abuse or smoking
Negative impact of social networking e.g. reinforcement of potentially negative behaviour
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Give 4 advantages of sponsorship |
Sponsorship is the funding of individuals or teams or events
To increase brand awareness and to make profit
Sponsoring sport gives healthy or ‘cool’ image to sport e.g.Nike sponsor Rooney and Federer.
Powerful sports may have some control over sponsors e.g. Premiershipfootball
Sponsorship allows full-time training
Lack of sponsorship or money = limited progress
Sport sponsorship has been a relatively inexpensive form of advertising |
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Give 2 disadvantages of sponsorship |
Bad image for sport due to being linked to fast food products. E.g. McDonalds sponsoring the Olympics
Pressure of sponsor’s demands - appearances at events, photo shoots etc. |
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Give 4 causes of violence for players and spectators. |
Frustration or anger With match officials e.g. decision not gone their way Score or result e.g. losing in a big game
‘Cheating’ or rule breakingor gamesmanship e.g. ‘diving’ or ‘sledging’ or bad tackle.
Importance of result (pressure to win or Lombardianism) high arousal or “pumped” Position in league or cup or level of competition E.g. if World Cup match or Cup Final
Provocation or abuse orchanting or retaliation or intimidation By opponents, from team mates or from crowd. E.g. retaliating against a bad tackle.
Lack of or limited punishment or deterrent e.g. getting away with a bad tackle and notreceiving a card.
Rivalry (local derby or a traditional fixture) Pre-match media hype, irresponsible coverage by media in lead up to game E.g. Sheffield Wednesday, Sheffield United, Man Uand Liverpool, Man U and Leeds.
Causes of violence: Players
‘Weapons’ Sticks or clubs e.g. asin hockey or ice hockey or baseball.
Nature of game / tradition of violence Rules might allow certain levels of violence. Body checking as part ofgame. E.g. ice hockey Media or crowd might expect or want a ‘hard’ or physical ‘contest’
Kit or equipment That de-humanises or protects e.g.American Football.
Anger management problems oremotion of certain players E.g. Luis Suarez biting Branislav Ivanovic Drugs, steroids
Causes of violence:Spectators
Alcohol or drugs People lose their ‘inhibitions’ or become more brave
Overcrowding Poor spectator provision Poor policing or stewarding.
Hooligans at football Organised violence or fights Limited alternative outlets for energy
Mass culture. Peer pressure Loss of individual identify or diminished responsibility (within crowd)/ pack mentality |
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Give 3 solutions to violence for players |
Change or adapt rules
More severe Punishments or bans e.g. 10-match ban for Suarez
Education Emphasis on fair play Emphasise harm that can be done by violence
More or better qualified officials /more authority for officials
Technology e.g. TMO / DVD playback For fairer outcomes as used in Rugby Union
Use of Psychology e.g.calming down /anger or stress management
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Give 3 solutions to violence for spectators |
Stricter deterrents or punishments e.g. remove season tickets or passports
Control of or ban alcohol Searches at gates Early kick off times before pubs open long, later opening time not directly after game.
Improve spectator facilities all-seater’ stadia
Separation of fans Home and away fans to leave ground separately
Use of CCTV or other security measures To spot or record incidents / to record events (for potential evidence)
Police, stewards, security Better training or better relationships with spectators
Sharing of information between police forces or areas within country orbetween countries
Promotion of event as (family) entertainment Family sections in stadia Provision of entertainment (for children). E.g. mascots,festivals, ‘fun days’
Responsible Media coverage |
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Give the background of the Olympic games |
Baron Pierre deCoubertin was the founder
The Ancient Olympic Games were influential as were the Cotswold Games and the Robert Dover Games.
The Much Wenlock Games inspired De Coubertin.
The games ethic of Public Schools also impressed DeCoubertin (e.g. De Coubertin visited Rugby School and was inspired by what he saw. |
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Give the aims philosophy of the modern Olympic Movement. |
De Coubertin wanted to promote friendship and sportsmanship.
Early Modern Games were strictly amateur – taking part ‘for the love of it’
Taking part was considered to be more important than winning
Appreciation of physical endeavour (effort) or physical prowess (skill) ’ joy fromeffort’
Educating young people, linking sport with education or culture
Role Modelling, showing a good example |
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Give reasons for commercialism of the Olympic Games |
Amateurism no longer working or to get rid of ‘shamateurism’
Some countries better funded than others resulting in unfairness
Olympic Games Were in financial difficulty - financial pressure for hosts (pre ’84) (MontrealGames 1976 were a financial disaster) so other countries became increasingly reluctant to host.
After Montreal IOC accepted need for commercialism
Impact or work of Peter Uberroth |
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What was the impact of commercialism of the Olympic |
Olympic Games is now for full-time athletes, resulting in higher standards
The Olympic Partner programme established, companies became partners. These companies benefiting sponsoring Games by exposure and orprofit
Financial benefit or profit from hosting Games
Nation building for hosts or participants ‘shop window effect’
Improved facilities, Private company investmentin building of Olympic facilities
Media ‘control of sport - impact of media e.g. linked to timing of events
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What were the benefits to society of the UK hosting the Olympics |
Legacy - upgraded amenities for area, regeneration in Stratford e.g. housing from ‘Olympicvillage’ for new residential community and offices
Improved Transport system, upgraded road and rail network e.g. ‘Olympic Javelin’ railway
Tourism increased- new business attracted, boost to economy,
Employment Opportunities e.g. building in years leading up to Games
Volunteering opportunities- chance to be a ‘Games Maker’. Roles include: warehouse work,giving directions or collection and delivery
Increased Educational attainment due to Olympic focus, reduced crime rates
Increased social integration - brings people together
Reduced Discrimination due to high profile of Paralympics
Increased Participation in sport and physical activity due to campaigns.
Impact of role models inspire e.g. Jess Ennis, Mo Farah
More balanced, active and healthy lifestyles or improved health or fitness
Improved NHS provision
Shop window effect or nation building - puts UK or London‘on the map’
Feel good’ factor - increased national pride
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What were the drawbacks to society of the UK hosting the Olympics |
Overspending and debt, costs have risen considerably since bid, especially in economic crisis.
High council taxbills - locals suffer financially
Higher house or rent prices
Harder for local people to buy in area, possible discrimination against local people
Media or entrepreneurs buying into area
Limited long term job opportunities, employment only leading up to and during Games
Only London really benefits, limited benefit for regional or outlying areas - possible N vS divide
Possible emphasis on nationalism which could lead to discrimination
Disruption for locals, travelling community possibly evicted from area or increased pollution
Increased Terrorist threat - Cost of protecting against potential terrorism |
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What were the benefits to sport of the UK hosting the Games |
Increased funding for or investment in sport leading up to Games
Higher profile for sport due to media attention
Legacy of facilities - world class facilities for London e.g. swimming or divingfacilities
Upgraded training facilities elsewhere e.g. Aldershot’s athletics training camp
National institutes focus on or improve their provision e.g. EIS, Bisham Abbey
Improved or worldclass sport science support
Improved or worldclass sports medicine back up
Improved elite performance in UK
Host countries often win more medals than ‘usual’ – London 2012 best medals haul for years.
Organisation ofBritish sport improved e.g. efficiency of NGBs UK becomes more attractive forother international sporting events e.g. World Cup
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What are the disadvantages to sport of the UK hosting the Games |
Emphasis on elitism or excellence, rather than participation and BAHLs
Only Olympic sports get publicity so still lack of publicity for minority sports e.g.netball
Funding tocertain sports or aspects of sport likely to be withdrawn after 2010 e.g.basketball
Danger of ‘white elephant’ or wasted facilities - left with facilities that are expensive to maintain or are underused
Possible removal of athletics track (West Ham won bid to have stadium)
Sport will suffer if there are scandals e.g.drug scandals |
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How can the Olympic games be used as a vehicle for Nation Building |
Nation Building can:
Increase Prestige Or status of a country
Increase national pride
Country gains publicity or is ‘put on map’ or on world stage or is showcased
Nation Building For host country (e.g. China)
·Nation Buildingfor the country of successful visiting athletes (e.g. Ethiopia)
So increased tourism |
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What is the shop window effect? |
Those in the host country‘look out’ and feel appeased or get ‘feel good’ factor e.g. or Sydney 2000
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How can the Olympics be used as a political tool? |
Olympic Games can be used as a political tool, where sporting success reflects political success
Sport can be usedas a vehicle for achieving increased political stability e.g. links betweensport and politics e.g. Munich OGs / Berlin 1936 (Hitler and Jesse Owens)
In China the government controls and funds much of sport - China has centralised system
Beijing Olympics(2008) were a ‘coming out party’ for China
Beijing Olympics(2008) were an opportunity for China to show its economic status
Beijing Olympics(2008) were an opportunity for China to conceal human rights issues
Countries can sometimes hide behind a façade, a false picture can be created
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What are the four roles of the media? |
Advertise Inform Educate Entertain |
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